Contents:
Introduction
Adequate antimicrobial monitoring helps identify the changing pattern of infection prevention postoperatively. The review aims at assessing the efficacy and safety of prophylactic ceftriaxone in surgical site infection.
Materials and Methods
The review followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, and CINAHL databases. Randomized control trials, published till December 2022 in English, studying only preoperative ceftriaxone, and focusing on general surgical procedures were included. Meta-analysis was done using review manager software.
Results
Of the 2961 articles, nine were included in the review. Elevated gram-positive (33%) and gram-negative (67%) isolates were observed from the surgical site post-prophylaxis. Surgical site infection was developed in 53 (3.41%) patients in the ceftriaxone group and 108 (6.9%) patients in the comparator groups [OR 0.47 (95% CI: 0.33-0.65), p <0.0001]. Adverse events were assessed in six studies, from which 111 (21.4%) and 163 (31.2%) patients in the intervention and comparator groups developed the same [RR: 0.56 (95% CI: 0.31-1.01), p=0.06]. An overall estimate of [MD: -1.12 (95%CI: -1.36 to -0.89), p<0.00001)] was obtained on assessing hospital stays in the included articles.
Conclusion
The evidence generated identified various microbial isolates from the infected sites. The drug assured its efficacy profile in surgical prophylaxis. More studies in general surgery can give a better conclusion about ceftriaxone prophylaxis.
Aim/Background
Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) affects the lower limbs. Globally there is a growing disease burden among the patients suffering from cardio-vascular disease and metabolic disorders. The purpose of this review is to generate evidence on the efficacy of CAM therapies in PAD.
Materials and Methods
This systematic review was performed across the five electronic databases i.e. PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Ovid SP, ISI Web of Science, Elsevier Science Direct, and Wiley Online Library as per the PRISMA guidelines from inception till April 2022.
Results
After screening n=55,410 articles, n=77 articles were found to fulfill the eligibility criteria and were selected for this review. The nature of interventions investigated in the clinical trials were physical interventions including exercises of different forms, oral supplements, and other interventions such as chelation therapy, Tai Chi Chuan (TCC), Intermittent Mechanical Compression (IMC) device, connective tissue reflex massage, Remote Ischemic Preconditioning (RIC), Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) and heat therapy. Upon final assessment, it was revealed that physical activity had a positive effect on peripheral arterial disease patients’ quality of life. In addition,Ginkgo biloba and nitrate supplements were found effective for Intermittent Claudication (IC) and PAD patients.
Conclusion
This review suggests a positive impact of physical activity on peripheral arterial disease patients’ quality of life. Evidence also shows that Physical activity/ exercise-based intervention alone or in combination with the supplement is found to be effective among PAD patients and has shown significant results in intermittent claudication.
Precise and explicit education policy is requisite for a country at all education levels because education ushers to evolution of balance between economy and growth. India with the direction of current Prime Minister and a skilled team with members of diverse backgrounds have developed and planned to implement a new education policy “Indian National Education Policy (NEP-2020)”. NEP-2020 is a pioneering and visionary proposal, framed with the intention to provide a standardized education to everyone with a belief of integrated and research-oriented growth. It is the first change in the education policy in 21st century. This article initially talks about the history of education policies in India, Introduction of NEP 2020, its salient features, status of pharmacy education in India and at last the inclusion of NEP 2020 in Pharmacy to achieve enormous growth and advancement.
Background
Honey, ghee, Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (GG), and Nerium indicum Mill. (NI) have been effectively used in Ayurveda and Indian folk medicine for healing both normal and diabetic wounds. However, the exact biochemical and molecular mechanisms involved are less discussed. The present study explores the wound healing efficacy of these traditional medicines in normal and diabetic rats using biochemical and molecular parameters.
Materials and Methods
Normal and Streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats were used for the study and inflicted with excision wounds. The test materials, i.e., honey, ghee, GG, and NI, were topically applied to the wounds singly and in combinations (H+G: Honey+Ghee and Tot-combination of all test materials). On the 8th and 16th days of healing, biochemical and molecular parameters were assessed using the tissues procured from the wound site. We quantified the levels of hydroxyproline and antioxidants (CAT-Catalase, GSH-Glutathione, SOD-Superoxide dismutase, MDA-Malondialdehyde). We also measured the mRNA expression of growth factors, i.e., Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGFβ), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).
Results
Biochemical analysis showed enhanced hydroxyproline levels in both normal and diabetic wounds treated with the test materials. The groups treated with GG in normal and NI and Tot in diabetic wounds showed statistically significant findings (p <0.05). Different study materials showed significant antioxidant properties at different intervals of wound healing. Similarly, different test materials enhanced the expression of different growth factors at the wound site.
Conclusion
Result indicates that the wound healing properties of these natural traditional medicines are through their antioxidant and growth factor enhancing capability at the wound site.
Introduction
Gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis are highly regulated metabolic processes that are critical in maintaining blood glucose levels within the physiological range. Any aberration in the regulation of these processes can lead to an inadequate repository or accumulation of excess glycogen in hepatocytes. Glycogen Storage Disease type I (GSD type I), also known as Von Gierke’s disease, is categorized under inborn errors of metabolism caused due to either inactivity or complete absence of the Glucose-6-phosphatase enzyme (G6Pase).
Objectives
This study’s focus is to suppress G6Pase, hepatic glucose synthesis, and induce the symptoms of GSD type I in experimental rats.
Materials and Methods
The in silico approach using Chlorogenic Acid (CGA) and G6Pase exhibited a good docking score (-8.9), and promising binding patterns, molecular dynamic simulation studies (at 100 nanoseconds) also confirmed the stability of the docked complex. Based on this in silico speculation, the in vivo study was designed, where, in the pilot study varying doses (50, 100, 200, 400 mg/kg) and CGA-liposome formulation were scrutinized,
Results
It was corroborated that the CGA can cause hypoglycemia, hence CGA (200 mg/kg) was chosen for the study, to further augment the other major GSD type I manifestations, metformin (500 mg/kg) was included in the study for 49 days, manifestations like hypoglycemia, suppressed G6Pase activity, elevated hepatic glycogen and lactate dehydrogenase were evident.
Conclusion
The observations suggest that chlorogenic acid has the potential to induce GSD type I manifestations along with metformin, which can be an alternative animal model to match the genetically modified disease models.
Background
Currently five types of phorbol esters are reported in the root of Balliospermum montanum Muell. Here we observed the presence of 12-myristate 13-acetate (C36H56O8) in the root, an additional phorbol ester which restricted its use in food or medicine due to its carcinogenic property. No specific method is reported that can remove or disintegrate the phorbol esters in Balliospermum montanum Muell. root.
Aim
Identification of 12 myristate13 acetate phorbol ester (C36H56O8) in B. montanum Muell. root and its purification and degradation by traditional method recommended by Acharya Charak. Materials and Methods: The traditional ‘putpak’ (similar to traditional oven method) method was employed to detoxify the raw sample of B.montanum root. Ethanolic extract of root of B. montanum. unprocessed and processed samples were analysed on the Camag HPTLC system.
Results
The HPTLC analysis gave a band at R f 0.49 corresponding to the standard 12 myristate 13acetate (C36H56O8). Further the band corresponding to the identified phorbol ester (biomarker standard, 12 myristate 13acetate, Sigma Aldrich, USA) was scraped out, the phorbol ester was separated by vortexing with methanol. The resulting sample was then subjected to LC-MS analysis using Impact HD system employing Electrospary Ionization (ESI) in positive ion mode to identify the isolated phorbol ester.
Conclusion
The LC-MS analysis indicated the presence of this phorbol ester. The present ‘putpak (similar to traditional oven method)’ method of detoxification was able to reduce the identified new phorbol ester by 75% when compared to the raw/unprocessed sample.
Background
Joshanda (decoction) is an effective dosage form in Unani System of Medicine but its unpalatable taste and preparation creates difficulty in patient compliance. Joshanda when freshly prepared has a very short shelf life. Thus, the modified dosage form like granules can fulfill these drawbacks and withstand the need of contemporary life style as a ready to use and in portable form. In this study, an attempt was made to modify Joshanda Munzjie Balgham (JMB) into contemporary granule dosage form with the help of suitable permissible excipients.
Materials and Methods
JMB. was prepared by classical method and dried in Rotary evaporator followed by complete drying on water-bath. The extract was then mixed with required excipients to form the granules by wet granulation technique. The modified granules and JMB were subjected to various physico-chemical analysis, qualitative and quantitative estimation of phytoconstituents, GCMS, Microbial count, LCMS and HPTLC. Joshanda Munzije Balgham Granules (JMBG) were also subjected to stability study with accelerated conditions of temperature 40±2°C and relative humidity 75±5°C for three months.
Results
From one dose of JMB, 28% extract yield percentage was obtained which was successfully converted into fast dissolving JMBG with various excipients. Qualitative analysis of granules confirmed the presence of various phytoconstituents. Quantitative estimation by spectrophotometric method showed the presence of total concentration of Phenols, Tannins, Glycosides, Flavonoids, and Alkaloids as 157.51, 22.35, 2.25, 98.68 and 195.5 μg/mL respectively. GCMS data displayed total 31 peaks in JMB, 8 in JMBG and 8 in JMBG (3rd month). LCMS data for JMBG displayed 28 constituent peaks. HPTLC fingerprinting carried out in two mobile phases reported the highest number of peaks in in toluene; ethyl acetate: formic acid (5:4:1). JMB Granules were found to achieve shelf life of one year on set parameters. The chemical constituents found by qualitative and quantitative analysis and chromatography of JMB and JMBG were comparative.
Conclusion
This work can help in improving the shortcomings of traditional Munzije Balgham Joshanda to some extent and make it portable, palatable and increases its shelf life.
Background
Breast cancer is the world’s second-largest leading cause of death in women. Targeting highly localized tumors using transdermal microneedle drug delivery can be highly advantageous in treating breast cancer.
Aim
The present study evaluates the feasibility of transdermal delivery of promising chemo preventive agent tyrosine kinase inhibitor Neratinib (NB) and physicochemical properties through breast skin and mammary papilla.
Materials and Methods
The Microneedles (MNs) were fabricated by photo-polymerization method using PEGDA as a biopolymer and TPO as a photo initiator. Optimized (F3) MNs were characterized for stereomicroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and mechanical testing. The in vitro permeation studies were carried out on a vertical Franz diffusion cell using porcine skin.
Results
The cytotoxicity of the optimized formulation on MCF-7 cell lines was carried out using an MTT assay. The FT-IR compatibility studies showed no chemical interaction between drug and excipients used, and an increase in NB solubility decreased the epidermal/vehicle partition coefficient and vice-versa. Microneedles’ pitch and total base diameter were evaluated and found acceptable for the study. The mechanical test confirmed that >30% of the needles penetrated the 3rd and <30% penetrated the 4th layers. The in vitro permeation studies showed that in breast skin and mammary papilla, the highest skin retention of NB was observed with 64% alcohol compared to 32 and 48% alcohol. Microneedles with 32% alcohol significantly increased the permeation of NB, and microneedles increased the cumulative amount of NB permeated through breast skin by 2.9-fold and decreased the lag time by 3.6-fold. However, there was no significant difference in the skin retention amount after pretreatment with microneedles.
Conclusion
The results showed that the neratinib-loaded microneedles can be used as an effective transdermal delivery for preventing and treating breast cancer.
Objectives
The project intends to create and evaluate oral fast-dissolving Ondansetron (ODN) films and explore how different plasticizers and polymers affect ondansetron release at varied doses.
Materials and Methods
The solvent casting method was used to make the films. Complex formation and compatibility were evaluated using spectral and calorimetric methods to confirm. Utilising the core composite design, which included 13 different Ondansetron Fast-Dissolving Oral Films (OFDOFs) formulas, the produced Ondansetron Fast-Dissolving Oral Films (OFDOFs) were optimised. Using the Design Expert-v.11 software, the impacts of three variables, including HPMC K4M (X1), Carbopol 934 P (X2), and propylene glycol levels (X3), on two responses, Folding Endurance (FE) and Swelling Index (SI), were examined. Numerical optimisation increased the FE (Y1) and maximised the SI (Y2).
Results
The statistical analysis findings showed that X1 greatly enhances Y1 and Y2. While X2 and X3 significantly prejudiced the responses optimistically. It was found that the best films were created at the midpoint concentration of both X1 and X2. Moreover, as X3 levels increased, the elasticity and FE also improved, in addition to the film’s quality.
Conclusion
The study concludes that the prepared buccal films of ODN exhibited great mechanical and physical qualities in addition to their other physicochemical assets. This dosage form is expected to offer a bioavailability benefit over conventional dosage forms due to its rapid onset of action and anticipated partial avoidance of pre-systemic metabolism.
Background
In a system of two oppositely charged colloids a spontaneous liquid-liquid phase separation is termed as complex coacervation and the separated phase is called coacervate. In recent times coacervates prepared from different colloidal systems have found extensive uses in the microencapsulation of bioactive molecules including drugs. The search for new coacervation systems and coacervates with novel properties remains an active area of research. In the present work preparation of complex coacervate from chitosan phosphate and sodium alginate for subsequent use for encapsulation of curcumin is reported.
Materials and Methods
Chitosan was first modified to chitosan phosphate. It was then reacted with sodium alginate to form the complex coacervate. Several parameters like ratio of concentration of the chitosan phosphate to alginate, pH of the reaction media were varied to attain the optimum condition for the maximum yield of the coacervate.
Results
It was found that the maximum amount of coacervate formed at pH 3.6 and at the ratio of 5:4 by volume of the 3% solution of alginate and chitosan phosphate. The maximum loading efficiency of curcumin was found to be 84%. Swelling and release studies were carried out at different pH and the maximum swelling and percentage of release was observed at pH 9. The curcumin loaded coacervate showed mild antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Enterobacter aerogenes.
Conclusion
Results from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, powder x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy supported successful encapsulation of curcumin in the chitosan phosphate/alginate coacervate. Swelling and release studies could be modulated by changing the pH of the medium. A sustained release behavior of curcumin over a period of 72 hr was observed without the loss of physical integrity of the coacervate.
Background
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is the source of serious nosocomial infections, the most common of which is ventilator-associated pneumonia. P. aeruginosa infections continue to pose a substantial therapeutic problem. The expression of several virulence genes and the formation of biofilms in bacteria are caused by quorum sensing, a density-dependent cell-to-cell communication mechanism. Anti-biofilm chemicals prevent the synthesis of the polymer matrix, limit cell adhesion and attachment, reduce the generation of virulence factors, and obstruct the quorum sensing system. The present study focused on the antibiofilm activity of chrysin-fabricated silver nanoparticles (nano-chrysin) against P. aeruginosa.
Materials and Methods
In our study, chrysin, which is a polyphenol, was fabricated with silver nanoparticles to make nano-chrysin. P. aeruginosa PAO1 strain was treated at sub-MIC concentrations with chrysin (50, 25, 12.5, and 6.25 μg mL-1), silver nanoparticles (6.26, 3.13, 1.56, and 0.78 μg mL-1) and formulated nano-chrysin (3.13, 1.56, 0.78, and 0.39μg mL-1) to find out the effectiveness of these compounds against biofilm formation.
Results
Biofilm produced by P. aeruginosa PAO1 was found to be inhibited at sub-MIC concentrations (3.13, 1.56, 0.78, and 0.39 μg mL-1) of nano-chrysin having MIC value ranging between 50-3.13 μg mL-1 which is more potent than alone chrysin and silver nanoparticles.
Conclusion
The data confirmed that nano-chrysin is effective in inhibiting biofilm formation, produced by P. aeruginosa.
Aim
The current study focuses on enhancing the dissolution pace of Valsartan, as BCS Class II. The objective is to develop fast-dissolving tablets of Valsartan by forming complexes with β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD).
Materials and Methods
To achieve this, Valsartan-βCD (1:1 M) complexes were prepared and used to formulate tablets with the help of primojel and starch succinate, following a 32 design approach.
Results
The tablet powder blends demonstrated excellent flow properties, making them suitable for direct compression. All the prepared tablets met the disintegration time specifications outlined in the Indian Pharmacopoeia for uncoated tablets. The design of the Valsartan fast-dissolving tablet formulation was based on 3 levels of factor X1 (Primojel) at concentrations of 5%, 6.25% and 7.5%, and 3 levels of factor X2 (starch succinate) at concentrations of 5%, 6.25%, and 7.5%, with respect to the mean weight of the tablet (250 mg).The study further established equations for Disintegration Time (DT) and the Portion of Drug dissolved in 10 min (PD10) to evaluate the performance of the formulated fast-dissolving Valsartan tablets. Based on the obtained results, it is evident that intensifying the amount of the super disintegrants in the formulation ensued in a decrease in the disintegration time of the dosage form.
Conclusion
The optimized tablet (C1) demonstrated promising attributes with a disintegration time of only 15 sec and an impressive 85.69% dissolution within 10 min. Consequently, the successful formulation of fast-dissolving tablets of Valsartan was achieved through the use of primojel and starch succinate, a novel super disintegrant.
Background
Oral Thin Film (OTF) is an emerging approach for oral drug delivery but still there exists a scarcity of evidence for formulation optimization techniques. Herein, we aim to develop OTFs optimized by the QbD approach.
Materials and Methods
OTFs were prepared by solvent casting method using Amlodipine as an active ingredient and excipients such as Pectin, Aspartame, Tween 80, and Glycerine. The developed formulation was optimized using QbD software Design Expert version 8.0.4, USA. The independent variables of the experiment were selected as A-pectin, B-Tween-80, and C-glycerine, and the dependent variables were R1-tensile strength (kg/cm2), R2-permeation rate (μg/cm2/hr), R3-disintegration time (in a sec). Finally, the software suggested optimized formulation based on a desirability value closer to 1.
Results
The optimized oral films were comparatively evaluated and characterized by various techniques. The drug release was found to be ~96% at 10 min for OTFs and ~94% at 20 min for oral fast-dissolving tablets. The amlodipine was scanned in the UV range of 200 to 400 nm and the λmax was observed to be at 240±2 in a Phosphate of pH 6.8.
Conclusion
All results are found satisfactory and well within the acceptance range. This ensures that similar formulations can be optimized by using this technique in the future.
Background
Novel delivery strategies are being explored since low bioavailability presents a challenge for medications like valsartan. Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems present a viable alternative by enhancing drug absorption and retention.
Aim
This study aimed to develop mucoadhesive drug delivery systems to enhance the bioavailability of valsartan, leveraging a novel mucoadhesive polymer isolated from Samaneasaman seeds.
Materials and Methods
The study involved formulating oral mucoadhesive pellets by layering valsartan on starch pellets, followed by coatings of release-retardant polymer HPMC K15M and the novel Samanea saman gum. Optimization was achieved through response surface methodology, with assessments including mucoadhesive strength, drug release kinetics, compatibility studies, and pharmacokinetics evaluation.
Results and Discussion
The optimized formulation, featuring 10% w/w HPMC K15M and 40% w/w Samanea saman gum coating, exhibited robust mucoadhesive strength and sustained drug release for 14 hr. Increasing Samanea saman gum concentration enhanced mucoadhesive strength and drug release retardation. Compatibility assessments confirmed the suitability of excipients, while microscopy and radiography revealed pellet integrity.
Conclusion
The developed mucoadhesive drug delivery system effectively enhanced the bioavailability of valsartan, as evidenced by in vitro dissolution studies and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies in rats. This comprehensive approach offers a promising strategy for improving the therapeutic efficacy of valsartan through enhanced mucoadhesion and sustained release.
Background
Fluconazole is an antifungal agent of triazole class. Fluconazole is one of the most prescribed antifungal agents because of its excellent bioavailability, tolerability and side effect profile. To maintain drug concentrations within therapeutic levels in bone tissue for specific periods, antifungal agents must be re-administered when they are given systemically.
Aim
The aim of the present study was to develop a nanoparticle-based implantable drug delivery system of antifungal drug fluconazole for Prosthetic Joint Infection and it’s in vitro and in vivo evaluation.
Materials and Methods
Fluconazole loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles (CH-NP) were prepared by ionic gelation method and optimized for chitosan: TPP mass ratio, chitosan and fluconazole concentration. CH-NP were evaluated for particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, FTIR, DSC, XRD and percent drug release. Nanoparticles were further incorporated in gelatine: chitosan composite film and formulations were optimized for chitosan: gelatin ratio, plasticizer concentration and cross-linker concentration. The developed composite film was tested for water absorption capacity, in vitro and in vivo biodegradation, toxicity and antifungal potency.
Results and Discussion
The optimized CH-NP demonstrated 458 nm particle size, 82.39% entrapment efficiency and 77.4% drug release after 4 hr. The chitosan-gelatine ratio of 1:10, glycerine concentration of 5% and formaldehyde concentration of 0.01% resulted in desired in vitro properties and sustained drug release up to 10 hr. The developed formulation showed potent antifungal efficacy and in vitro biodegradation within 3 days. The in vivo biodegradation studies of films in rats showed complete degradation of implant within 7 days of implantation. Histopathology studies revealed no acute toxicity of implanted formulation.
Conclusion
The developed Fluconazole loaded chitosan nanoparticle-based polymer composite film could be an effective formulation approach to prevent the fungal infections acquired during surgeries.
Background
Buccal drug delivery is a novel drug delivery system ensure fast onset of action and avoids the first pass metabolism and ultimately improves the bioavailability.
Aim
The present investigation is oriented towards design and development of Fast Dissolving Buccal Film (FDBF) of Ivabradine HCl (BCS Class I drug) by applying Quality by Design (QbD) concept.
Materials and Methods
The Quality Target Product Profile was defined for the proposed formulation, CQA’s were identified and risk assessment was carried to identify the most critical factors associated with the formulation development. Main Effect Screening design was applied by using independent variable as HPMC and Kopulan-PG, PEG 400, Tween 80 as material attributes that have an impact on responses such as Folding endurance, Disintegration time, % Drug content and % Drug release at 15 min. The stability data obtained for the optimal formulation was computed in the JMP stability toolbox to predict the expiration date.
Results
The results of the main effect screening design of 12 formulations indicated that the combined action of three factors had a significant impact on Ivabradine release and could predict the ideal formulation with the necessary Quality target product profile (QTPP). The statistically significant models were determined for % drug release at 15 min (R2=0.97) disintegration time (R2=0.99), folding endurance (R2=0.99) and drug Content (%) (R2=0.98). The optimal formulation confirms the expiration date of 25 months.
Conclusion
The selected factors and responses have a strong association and are significant enough for formulation optimization, because the highest global desirability value obtained was 0.80.
Background
Fluorometholone is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid. It has been used in various ocular inflammatory as well as infectious conditions. Opting for sustained release in ocular drug delivery is a favorable option for managing ocular diseases. To improve efficacy and to overcome side effects, fluorometholone was encapsulated in cubosomal vesicles.
Aim
In this study, fluorometholone-loaded cubosomal vesicles were prepared using top-down techniques and applying the QbD approach. The optimized formulation releases the drug in a sustained release manner.
Materials and Methods
The optimization of cubosomal vesicles was conducted using a 32-CDD. The independent parameter was selected: Concentration of both polymers Glyceryl monooleate (GMO) and Poloxamer 407 (P407), sonication time. The desired property for five important critical attributes of fluorometholone-loaded cubosome vesicles, namely % entrapment efficiency, Cumulative drug release, particle size, polydispersity index and Viscosity.
Results and Discussion
The optimized formulation suggested by the central composite design was the concentration of GMO and P407; sonication times were 0.36 g, 0.46 g and 8 min, respectively. The optimized formulation exhibited % entrapment efficiency, % Cumulative drug release, particle size, polydispersity index and Viscosity were 82.89%, 88.33%, 137.7 μn, 0.22 and 169.3 m.Pas. The results confirm that implementing a QbD approach in cubosomal design leads to demonstrably improved formulation outcomes. The optimized batch was used for further evaluation like pH and Refractive index, Morphological feature evaluation, Release kinetics study, Test for sterility and stability and in vivo pharmacokinetic study.
Conclusion
The present work confirms the improved ocular bioavailability of fluorometholone-loaded cubosomes.
Background
NSAIDs are well-established for treating pain, fever, and inflammation mainly by inhibiting inducible Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) isoenzyme. However, most of the marketed NSAIDs non-selectively inhibit physiological COX-1 and exhibit adverse side effects like GI ulcers, renal toxicity, and platelet disorder. Moreover, cardiac side effects also led to the market withdrawal of some of the potential selective COX-2 inhibitors. Thus, several investigations are underway by researchers from academia and industry in search of safer and more effective COX-2 selective inhibitors devoid of existing side effects.
Materials and Methods
In this work, four 2-substituted-5,6-dimethylthieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one derivatives (5,6,7,8 and 9) have been synthesized, purified, and characterized based on their physical and spectral data. These compounds were evaluated (in vitro) for their affinity and selectivity for human COX-2 enzyme against COX-1 isoenzyme using indomethacin as a positive control.
Results and Discussion
Compound 5 with para fluorophenyl substituent was found to be the most potent, exhibiting better inhibition and selectivity towards COX-2 isoenzyme (IC50=42.19 M, SI=4.81) against COX-1 isoenzyme (IC50=202.96 M, SI=4.81) as compared to the other derivatives (6-8). Conclusion: The activity of compound 5 is promising compared to the non-selective drug indomethacin (IC50 COX-1=0.68 M, COX-2=18.3 M, SI=0.04). Therefore, compound 8 can be considered a lead molecule for further optimization to develop novel selective COX-2 inhibitors at nanomolar potency.
Aim
Schiff bases are vital Compounds of organic chemistry; they have exhibited more potential biological activities namely antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal characteristics. Molecular docking studies suggested that strong binding energies, as well as favorable hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions, could be beneficial for the pharmacological application of the compounds. Moreover, the aid of the ADMET score may support the therapeutic action of potential pharmaceutical compounds.
Materials and Methods
In the present work, In vitro studies were conducted on five Schiff bases named BIP, CIP, PT, NIP, and DPIP against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In silico studies were also performed on the same five Schiff bases, evaluating their interaction with the target proteins of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.
Results
In vitro results of BIP and NIP showed mild MIC (minimum inhibition concentration) against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia Coli respectively, while PT showed good MIC against pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus which was upheld by in silico study.
Conclusion
We hope the findings of the present study should contribute to developing a good anti-bacterial drug.
Background
Shortcomings in current analytical methods characterized by time-consuming procedures, limited sensitivity, and high costs associated with reagents and instruments, influence the research background.
Objectives
The goal of this research was to find a simple, fast, and accurate way to discern and quantify substances in bulk drugs and finished products at the utmost minimal levels of detection and quantification.
Materials and Methods
The methodology involved using a C18 column then a solvent mixture comprising 0.1% orthophosphoric acid and acetonitrile in an 80:20 proportion delivered at 1 mL/min-1 and observed at 247 nm with a UV detector.
Results
Following rigorous verification in line with ICH guidelines, the technique revealed several notable features. It revealed rapidity with a retention time of 2.53 min, accurate with average recoveries ranging from 99.20% to 100.43%, precision as demonstrated by a relative standard deviation below 2%, specificity, and a highly linear correlation coefficient of 0.999 between 0.0025 to 6 μg mL-1. Additionally, the method displayed remarkable sensitivity, detecting concentrations as low as 56.91 ng mL-1 and a quantification limit of 172.44 ng mL-1.
Conclusion
This tested RP-HPLC method has a unique mix of speed, accuracy, and high sensitivity that makes it possible to accurately measure Vardenafil hydrochloride trihydrate, even at nanogram levels. This surpasses established techniques and offers a cost-effective solution for pharmaceutical quality control and analysis.
Background
Environmentally destructive analytical research practices, such as using and releasing hazardous solvents and reagents into the atmosphere, have brought up serious concerns regarding the ecological impact of these actions. By checking greenness of the methods, ecological challenges can be minimized. This gives a brief idea about its extent of effect on environment to the analyst.
Aim
This work was designed to select the ecofriendly method for the estimation of amlodipine besylate and telmisartan from the existing UV spectroscopy methods.
Materials and Methods
In this work the methods available to estimate these two drugs by UV-spectroscopy are collected and assessed in terms of their greenness using a variety of green metrics like National Environmental Method Index, Raynie and Driver tool/AGP, Analytical Eco Scale and AGREE. This considers the Green Analytical Chemistry twelve principles.
Results and Conclusion
The degrees of greenness for the selected methods were shown as pictograms for some metrics and scores in some other cases using the assessment tools. The greenness of the selected methods was tabulated and compared for the best choice. The study gave a clear idea about the pros and cons of the methods with respect to greenness and made it easy for the analyst to select the best eco-friendly method.
Aim
In the current study, a multivariate FTIR method and two different UV spectrophotometric methods were employed for the simultaneous determination of Amitriptyline Hydrochloride (ATH) and Propranolol Hydrochloride (PPH) in their combined formulation.
Materials and Methods
The multivariate FTIR method based on the use of Classical Least Squares (CLS) was developed and executed in the lab solutions software for the simultaneous determination of ATH and PPH. CLS model was performed in the wavenumber range of 2550.04-3600.12 cm-1 and 969.64-1757 cm-1. In addition, two UV spectroscopic methods, namely absorbance correction method and crammer’s matrix method were developed and validated in the concentration ranges of 2-10μg/mL and 5-55μg/mL for ATH and PPH respectively.
Results
The statistical parameters obtained from the applied multivariate FTIR-CLS model revealed the model accuracy and the assay results of ATH and PPH were found to be 92.32 (%w/w) and 97.35 (%w/w) respectively. The developed UV spectroscopic methods were validated as per ICH guidelines and all the validation parameters were found to be within the acceptance criteria.
Conclusion
The methods employed in the current study were found to simple, economical, accurate and do not require any prior separation.
Background
The goal of the proposed study was to develop and validate stability indicating mass compatible reverse phase UPLC method for impurity profiling of Darunavir Ethanolate and Ritonavir degradation impurities in fixed-dose drug combination products.
Materials and Methods
The optimized chromatographic condition includes use of Zorbax Bonus C18 column (150x2.1 mm, 1.8 μm) with mobile phase A (Buffer (55): Methanol (45)) and mobile phase B (Acetonitrile: (30) and Methanol (70)), flow rate of 0.22 mL/min and detection at 240 nm with gradient program of 50 min. The method was validated as per ICH quality guideline Q2 (R1) including specificity by forced degradation study to confirm suitability for intended use.
Results
The observed retention time for Darunavir was 11.4 min and for Ritonavir was 30.0 min. The Limit of Quantitation (LOQ) for all degradation impurities found is 0.05%, equivalent to the reporting threshold level. The method was found linear and accurate in the range of LOQ to 150% with an observed range of % accuracy of 90.1 to 106.3 for all known impurities. The method was found precise based on less than 10.0% RSD and robust for deliberate changes. Considering the use of a volatile mobile phase, the method can be applied for LC-MS-based analysis for mass identification.
Conclusion
The developed UPLC method was applied for impurity profiling during the release and stability study of Darunavir Ethanolate and Ritonavir in fixed-dose drug combination products.
Background
Thymol and Cholecalciferol in a combined approach can be used as antioxidant, free radical scavenging, anti-depressant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-arthritis etc. So, rapid, cost effective and simple analytical method is required to estimate Thymol and Cholecalciferol simultaneously in the mixture.
Purpose
The purpose of this work is to develop and validate Ultraviolet spectroscopic (UV) method for simultaneous estimation of Thymol and Cholecalciferol.
Materials and Methods
Two methods were developed i.e., simultaneous equation method and Q-Absorbance ratio method. In simultaneous equation method, absorbance of Thymol and Cholecalciferol were measured at λmax of 276.3 nm and 263.2 nm. While in Q-Absorbance ratio method, absorbance of Thymol and Cholecalciferol were measured at 270.1 nm (isosbestic point) and at 263.2 nm (λmax of Cholecalciferol). Methanol was used as a solvent in both the methods.
Results
The concentration of the individual drugs in the combined mixture was found in the range of 98% to 100% in both methods. Developed methods were validated as per ICH quality guidelines. The validation parameters checked were linearity, range, LOD, LOQ, precision and accuracy.
Conclusion
Both the methods were found accurate, simple, precise and reproducible for simultaneous estimation of Thymol and Cholecalciferol. These developed analytical methods can be used for quantification of Thymol and Cholecalciferol in pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Background
Rifampicin is an important anti tuberculosis drug for the early infection and, more importantly, bactericidal activity against mycobacterium tuberculosis. LC-MS/MS, with the required molecular specificity, provides quantitative method to rapidly differentiate between the drugs and their metabolites.
Aim
The current study represents the fast and simple LC-MS/MS method for determination of rifampicin in the human blood plasma.
Materials and Methods
The plasma samples containing the rifampicin drug were cleaned up by using the protein precipitation method. The chromatographic division was performed by utilizing the ZORBAX Eclipse plus C18 Column (4.6 mm X 150 mm, 5μm). The versatile stage comprised of acetonitrile and 10 Mm ammonium acetic acid derivation in a proportion of 80:20% V/V, wash the column with the blend of solvents comprising of acetonitrile and water 80:20% V/V, maintaining column oven temperature at 30°C±1°C and the auto sampler temperature is kept up with at 10°C±1°C. The injection volume of the sample is 10.0 μL and the total run time of the experiment is 4 min with a flow rate of 1000 mL/min and with a split ratio of 50:50 for the entire experiment.
Results and Discussion
An LC-MS/MS method for the rifampicin from the sample was performed. Sample volume of 0.300 ml, the injection volume is taken as 10.0 μL and total run time is 4 min, RT for rifampicin is 1.30±0.5 min and the reference drug roxithromycin RT is 3.00±0.5 min.
Conclusion
The transient LC-MS/MS study permits the assessment of enormous quantities of blood tests in a brief timeframe with fast, simple and successful readiness, giving a quick, dependable and best device for RIF clinical observing and review.
Background
Regulatory organizations have acknowledged the need for systematic rules for understanding development as a result of the large increase in concerns and criticism regarding the quality and pharmaceutical products. Bilastine is a second generation antihistamine medication. Generally, it is used for treatment of allergic rhino conjunctivitis and urticaria (hives).
Objectives
The current study outlines the methodical design and validation of a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the estimation of Bilastine in bulk drugs using AQbD approach.
Materials and Methods
Using Box Behnken design, the critical method parameters were methodically optimized. Risk estimation matrix was performed and Critical Analytical Attributes, Critical Method Attributes were correlated to identify risk factors of method development. A reverse phase column in isocratic elution mode with mobile phase NaH2PO4 buffer and methanol of different ratio and flow rate 1 mL/min was set for RP-HPLC method development.
Results
Chromatographic separation was accomplished on INTERSIL C8 column. The optimized and predicted data from JMP PRO 14 software consist of mobile phase 0.1N NaH2PO4 (60%): Methanol (40%), pumped at a flow rate of 1 mL/min gave the higher desirability function of 77%. LOD and LOQ are, respectively, 0.005 mcg/mL and 0.016 mcg/ mL. The Rt of Bilastine was discovered to be 1.894 min. The created method was approved and validated in accordance with ICH Q2 (R1) recommendations.
Conclusion
The chosen models were determined to be significant with p <0.05. The validation parameter findings were within the permitted range. Forcefully testing the drug’s stability under various stress situations revealed considerable degradation in the presence of heat.
Background
The antiviral medication genre comprises the synthetic purine nucleoside analogue acyclovir, which particularly is used to treat varicella-zoster and herpes simplex virus infections. By incorporating into viral DNA to stop further synthesis, acyclovir limits DNA synthesis and viral multiplication. The investigation of an economical alternative was spurred by the existence of the currently used HPLC and UV techniques for acyclovir analysis, which are recognized for their solvent-intensive character. The innovation offers a more cost-effective method of pharmaceutical analysis along with improving sustainability.
Materials and Methods
Using a CAMAG Linomat 5 sampler, the samples were spotted in the form of bands on a precoated silica gel plate using a CAMAG microliter syringe. The application rate was kept constant at 100 nL/sec and the spacing between the tracks was set. Chloroform, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol and strong ammonia (2:4:3:1 v/v/v/v) constitute the mobile phase. The development process was linear ascending in a twin trough glass chamber that was saturated with a mobile phase. To estimate acyclovir, densitometric scanning was carried out in the absorbance mode at 254 nm.
Results
With r2=0.9974, the calibration plots’ linear regression analysis results demonstrated a strong linear association. The limit of quantification was 11.7726 μg/mL, whereas the limit of detection was 3.884 μg/mL.
Conclusion
According to statistical analysis of the data, the approach was found to be precise, accurate, repeatable, sensitive and selective for the analysis of acyclovir. The technique will work well for routine quality control when estimating acyclovir as a bulk medication.
Objectives
The prime intent of the current study is to develop a rapid, reliable, robust and cost-effective reversed-phase HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of Choline Salicylate and Lignocaine HCl in mouth Ulcer Gel.
Materials and Methods
Buffer was prepared with 3.5 g of disodium hydrogen orthophosphate in 1000 mL of water and adjusted to pH 4.5 with dilute orthophosphoric acid. A mixture of Buffer and Methanol (55:45) containing 0.01M (2.062 g) 1-Hexane Sulphonic acid comprised the mobile phase. The separation was carried out with a Hypersil C18 column (250x4.6 mm, 5 μ) maintained at a temperature of 30°C at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min with detection at 220 nm. The Injection volume was 20 μL and the run time was 20 min.
Results
Retention time for choline salicylate and Lignocaine HCl was 3.163 and 9.629 min respectively. Linearity for Choline Salicylate and Lignocaine Hydrochloride was found to be in the range of 12.5-50 μg/mL. The correlation coefficient for the linear curve obtained between concentration vs. area for standard preparations of Choline Salicylate and Lignocaine HCl was 0.9992 and 0.9993 respectively. The projected procedure successfully satisfied the specificity and robustness parameters.
Conclusion
The analytical method was successfully validated according to ICH guidelines (ICH, Q2 (R1)). The proposed novel method is reliable and cost-effective and is well-suited for use in the pharmaceutical industry.
Background
Methotrexate (MTX) is one of the utmost commonly prescribed drugs, which is official in the IP, BP, and USP. MTX is a potent drug that can cause serious side effects if not used in the correct quantity. Assaying MTX is vital to guarantee that the drug exists in the required concentration in the sample. Developing a simple, rapid, and cost-effective analytical tool for its estimation has always been a thrust area of research. In this line, this investigation reports a simple, rapid, and low-cost Reverse-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) method with an ultraviolet detection channel for estimating MTX in bulk samples.
Materials and Methods
The technique employs an isocratic mobile phase comprising a readily available solvent system having 50 mM sodium acetate buffer (pH-3.6) and acetonitrile in 90:10, v/v, which flows through the column at a constant flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. A Thermo C-18 Column (5-micron, 250 mmx4.60 mm) was used as the stationary phase for separation. Considering the optimized chromatography parameters, sensitivity, and selectivity of a method for drugs, 307 nm was selected as the detection wavelength for the UV-visible detector. The validation studies were performed by fulfilling the requirements of ICH guidelines.
Results and Conclusion
The method was found to be specific, linear (including intra- and inter-day precision), accurate, and precise for routine testing of MTX. The developed RP-HPLC method has been successfully applied to determine MTX in standard Laboratory Bulk samples and commercial Dosage Formulations, as well as to monitor the release kinetics of MTX from an in-house developed Nanoformulation. The developed method represents a valuable tool in the laboratory analysis and monitoring of MTX during routine quality control testing and toxicity studies.
Background
Breast Cancer continues to rank among all cancer types as the most dangerous malignancies, accounting for a significant portion of cancer-associated mortalities among women globally. Additionally, the number of breast cancer cases that are identified each year is rising globally. After surgery or radiation, the typical therapies entail chemotherapy which is followed by endocrine therapy. However, breast cancer is extremely resistant to therapies, which causes it to recur. As a result, emphasis is being placed on the development of complementary medicines with fewer adverse effects that are obtained from plants. An isoquinoline alkaloid, Protopine, possesses an array of biological properties, including anti-tumor efficacy against several malignancies.
Materials and Methods
In this work, the anti-carcinogenic property of Protopine against the MDA-MB-231 cells has been investigated. The impact of Protopine on cell growth, apoptosis, ROS accumulation, and apoptotic marker levels was investigated. Doxorubicin was employed as the positive control drug in the studies.
Results
The effect of Protopine on cell growth demonstrated its cytotoxic property was elevated dose-dependently and IC50 concentration was selected for additional work. The AO/EB and DAPI staining was performed to examine morphological alterations concerning apoptotic cell death. Additionally, Protopine augmented the ROS accumulation and induced DNA damage in Protopine-treated cells. The caspase levels were also increased upon Protopine treatment.
Discussion and Conclusion
The outcomes highlight that Protopine remarkably inhibited cell growth by augmenting the ROS levels, inducing DNA fragmentation and apoptosis, leading to cell death by caspase-dependent pathway. Thus, Protopine could be possibly employed as an effective anti-cancer alternative for breast cancer treatment.
Introduction
The Hail Desert Plant Database serves as an extensive repository that has been created to consolidate and systematize information concerning medicinal plants that are native to the arid Hail region in Saudi Arabia.
Materials and Methods
By conducting thorough literature mining from credible sources such as scientific articles and online databases, we systematically collected and organized data on more than 200 desert plant species. This comprehensive dataset includes botanical characteristics, phytochemical compositions, traditional applications, habitat preferences, documented medicinal uses, and the active compounds associated with these plants. In addition, we utilized molecular docking methodologies to perform computational investigations that aimed to elucidate the molecular interactions occurring between phytochemical compounds and target proteins that are known to be associated with the specific diseases traditionally treated by these plants.
Results
The database, which has been meticulously crafted to feature a user-friendly interface, offers an indispensable resource for researchers and clinicians who are captivated by the therapeutic possibilities presented by these arid florae. The inclusion of three-dimensional structures of docked complexes in the database significantly enhances its research capabilities, enabling comprehensive investigations and assisting in the development of potential drug candidates derived from natural sources.
Conclusion
The Hail Desert Plant Database serves as a crucial tool, facilitating progress in the field of drug discovery, investigations into structural biology, and the examination of alternative therapeutic agents derived from the diverse array of desert plants. The Hail Desert Plant Database is freely accessible at
Background
A simple, selective and sensitive HPTLC method was developed for simultaneous estimation of Telmisartan (TEL) and Gallic acid (GA). Oxidative stress produces hypertension, GA having antioxidative property that reduces ROS. TEL is safer angiotensin-1 receptor blocker.
Objectives
Literatures suggest antioxidant with cardiovascular drug produce synergistic effect.
Materials and Methods
The stationary-phase used was aluminium-backed silica gel 60F254 HPTLC plates (20 cm×10 cm, thickness-0.2 mm). The mobile-phase consisted of ethyl acetate: methanol: chloroform: acetic acid in the ratio of 4:2:2:0.2(v/v). Drugs were exposed to different stress conditions (Acid, Alkali, Oxidative, Thermal and Photolytic) for 8 hr, analysed at intervals of 2 hr. Detection and quantification were performed densitometrically (200-400 nm).
Results
Calibration plots showed good linear relation, with better correlation coefficient (R2). AUC of the drugs were between the concentration ranges of 200-1200 ng/spot. For GA, Rf value was 0.60, LOD-5.494 ng/spot, and LOQ-16.65 ng/spot. For TEL, Rf value was 0.67, LOD-19.877 ng/ spot, and LOQ-60.235 ng/spot. In alkaline solution, TEL degraded up to 12.5%, and GA degraded completely. Whereas, in oxidative environment 30% and 30.55% degradation of TEL and GA were noted.
Conclusion
Developed method was validated as per ICH guidelines, the performed forced degradation study will help for drug stability and formulation development.
Background and Aim
Colorectal cancer stands as a frequently occurring fatal disease for several decades and the use of nanoparticles has long been explored in cancer treatments. Engineering the size and shape to attain an optimal efficacy of the nanoparticles and using a specific plant resource to enhance its compatibility to other healthy cell is a propitious approach. The present study investigates the anti-cancer activity of CuO NP synthesized from Aegle marmelos leaf extract against human colorectal cancer.
Materials and Methods
The CuO NPs (Nanoparticles) exhibited promising characteristics with UV and SEM-EDAX, its photochemical constituents were analyzed with FTIR, and the geometry of the synthesized nano-particles was studied using Zeta potential and particle size analyzer. The cell viability was scrutinized via trypan blue assay and further toxicity was determined by cell morphology and several in vitro analyses where the MTT assay presented that the 25 μg/mL of CuO NPs as the IC50 concentration.
RESULTS
The nuclear fragmentation was studied by DAPI staining which resulted in increased fluorescence of the treated cells indicating the robust effect of the CuO NPs and the mitochondrial damage was monitored through MMP analysis with declining fluorescence. The most vital aspect of understanding cancer pathogenesis is oxidative stress which was evaluated by ROS, NO, and LPO with favorable outcome.
Conclusion
The cell viability and ROS assay coalesce to suggest that CuO NPs indeed induce apoptosis and it is evident that Biogenically synthesized CuO NPs contain anti-proliferative potential and promotes apoptosis.
Background
M. oleifera is an enriched plant with a variety of rich ingredients that play a very important part in the human diet. Thus, scientists have great interest in assessing the medicinal value of the plant to promote the preparation of new and advanced drugs. Hence, the preparation of plant extracts for experimental purposes is an initial step and key to achieving a quality research outcome.
Materials and Methods
The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the screening of M. oleifera bioactive compounds using various solvents (methanol, ethanol, acetone, petroleum ether, chloroform, and water) in the extraction procedure and determine the quality and quantity of bioactive constituents.
Results
The quantitative analyses showed that crude leaf, pod, and bark extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, proteins, and carbohydrates in all extracts except for petroleum ether extract. Qualitative analysis of the detected phytochemicals reveals the highest concentrations were found in leaf extracts, where a high extraction yield was recorded in the aqueous extract.
Conclusion
This study reveals that the presence or absence of particular phytochemicals is determined by the polarity of the solvents used for extraction. Also, the justification for M. oleifera to contain rich phytochemicals, including alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids, tannins, and saponins, that are known to have pharmacological properties, was validated, and they can be explored for biological potential.
Aim/Background
Throughout oogenesis and folliculogenesis, the follicular fluid’s composition alters physiologically to fit the needs of particular microenvironmental demands. This study’s main goal was to compare the effect of follicular fluid collected from endometriotic and non-endometriotic patients on systemic body functioning of female mice.
Materials and Methods
Both healthy and endometriotic participants’ follicular fluid was collected and pooled separately. Female Swiss albino mice were injected with 1 and 2 mL/kg/day endometrial fluid in the intraperitoneal region and monitored for 21 days. Change in body weight, hormonal profile, glucose profile and hematological profile was monitored and recorded on regular basis.
Results
On day 21, the blood glucose level increased from 100.2±0.96 mg/dL to 138.4±3.32 mg/dL. Endometriotic follicular fluid had a dose-dependently decreased serum estradiol from 28.80±0.37 to 27.00±1.0 ng/mL and progesterone form 24.17±0.7 to 1.72±0.21 pg/mL and a rise in testosterone levels from normal 3.95±0.81 nmol/mL to 9.4±0.92. It has elevated serum LH levels to approximately three times normal levels. In contrast, the serum FSH level decreased from 19.40±0.74 mIU/mL to 2.5±0.22. As a result, the LH to FSH ratio increased from 0.18±0.01 to 3.9±0.19. There was a dose-dependent rise in serum insulin level significantly (p <0.001) from normal 0.74±0.02 IU/mL to 1.63±0.05 and 2.09±0.1 respectively. In a similar manner, HOMA-IR also showed increase in insulin resistance from normal 0.17 to 0.57±0.02 and 0.71±0.04. HOMA-Beta normal level was 8.17±0.3 increased to 10.05±0.4 beta cell dysfunction. Nevertheless, QUICKI were both dosages dependently decreased insulin sensitivity from 1.31±0.07 dose dependently to 0.9±0.01and 0.83±0.02.
Conclusion
Female mice treated with endometriotic follicular fluid of endometriosis patients displayed pancreatic abnormality. It has been concluded that endometriotic patients’ follicular fluid not only has a localized effect but also contains elements that enter the systemic circulation, have negative effects, and may be connected to significant clinical symptoms of endometriotic condition.
Background
Medicinal plants are the best source for a variety of drugs. In traditional practices, the detoxification method is practiced to reduce toxicity of herbs, because low toxicity is one of the characteristics of phytomedicine which have a positive impact on pharmaceutical drugs.
Aim
In the present study scientific validation attempt has been made to reduce toxicity by performing traditional practices called Sodhana/detoxification. In our study anti-microbial, phytochemical, heavy metal content and stability were evaluated for the detoxified seeds. Seeds of Nigella sativa were subjected to various detoxification methods like roasting, lime and calcium chloride treatment then ground to powder and extracted with 90% ethanol.
Materials and Methods
The anti-microbial study was performed against multidrug-resistant bacterial strains Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and tested for their antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger, Penicillium crysoginum and Malassezia furfur. Metals present in the extract are analyzed by using plasma-optical emission spectrometry and Mass spectrum analysis was done for compound analysis.
Results
Our experimental results reveal that Lime treated ethanol extract shows strong inhibitory activity against all the tested microbes than the unprocessed N. sativa extract except E.coli. Data reveals that the treatment of seeds has no impact on their major phytochemical; however, changes in metal concentration were recorded. The frequency of reduction by descending order was Lime?CaCl2? roasted. Moreover, the Stability of the extract followed by 12-month storage at room temperature showed significant anti-microbial activity like fresh extract. UPLC-MS/MS spectrum reveals that lime treated contained high levels of fatty acids.
Conclusion
The present study concludes that, after detoxification, the heavy metal content was found to be decreased. Lime treatment is identified as a better method that successfully reduces the toxic elements and possesses high levels of fatty acids and phytochemicals with potent anti-microbial activity and revealed significant improvement in its anti-microbial potency.