1Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Array
2Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt, JORDAN
3Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Petra University, JORDAN
4Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Madaba, Madaba, JORDAN
5Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, JORDAN
6Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman, JORDAN
7Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zarqa University, Zarqa, JORDAN
8Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mutah University, Al-Karak, JORDAN
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ABSTRACT
Background
The Olea europaea L. leaves have long been used in treating various illnesses. Its pharmacological activity based on the phytoactive constituents; therefore, optimizing the extraction process should intensify the benefits.
Aim
The study aimed to optimize the extraction process for O. europaea L. leaves, evaluate their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, and explore their influence on the biochemical parameters of diabetic animals.
Materials and Methods
The differential pharmacology of the extracts and combinatorial therapy with the antidiabetic agent; empagliflozin, were explored. The aims were accomplished after several in vitro and animal studies: quantification of flavonoid and phenol content, measurement of the antioxidant activity, identification of the active constituents, and assessment of hepatic and renal functions, lipid profile, and glycemic status. In addition, molecular biology tools were used to measure the expression of the inflammatory mediators IL-6 and IL1beta.
Results
Findings reveal that the hydroalcoholic binary system reinforced by the sonication yields the highest polyphenol (44.40±1.414 mg/g dry extract equivalent to gallic acid) and total flavonoids (31.0700±1.202 mg/g dry extract equivalent to quercetin). Extract by the same system showed high substantial antioxidant activity. HPLC-MS/MS reveals oleuropein and its aglycon, o- and p-coumaric acid, hydroxytyrosol acetate, and betaine compounds. A significant reduction in the average weight was recorded in diabetic mice (29.79±2.88 g) compared to the control (32.61 ±2.57 g). A significant reduction in producing the inflammatory mediators IL-6 and IL1 beta was measured.
Conclusion
Olive leaves are a potential addition to conventional medicines to enhance the health profile of diabetic mice.