Neurodegenerative diseases constitute a pressing global health challenge, characterized by the gradual loss of neuronal function and structure, leading to cognitive impairment and motor deficits. Biomarkers play a crucial role in understanding the complex pathophysiological pathways of neurodegenerative disorders. By analyzing a variety of recent studies and advancements in the field, we aim to unravel the potential of biomarkers in not only facilitating early diagnosis but also shedding light on disease progression and, consequently, offering critical insights into therapeutic strategies including network pharmacology. These biomarkers cover a wide range of neuroimaging, cerebrospinal fluid, blood-based and genetic markers that help us better understanding of disease etiology and progression. Furthermore, this article explores the dynamic field of biomarker research, including the integration of advanced technologies such as neuroimaging, genomics and proteomics along with the challenges and limitations in the field, including standardization and validation issues, as well as ethical concerns surrounding the use of biomarkers. This review serves as a comprehensive resource for researchers, clinicians and doctors interested in the fight against neurodegenerative diseases. By synthesizing current knowledge on biomarkers, their potential as diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic tools, ultimately contributing to the development of innovative strategies aimed at mitigating the devastating impact of neurodegeneration can be elucidated.