Contents:
Background
The study aims to examines PUFAs precisely ω-3 potential in tackling Cytokine storm syndrome. Study also investigates PUFAs: ω-3 in regulation of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome during respiratory viral infections.
Materials and Methods
To find the most relevant studies, an in-depth review of the literature published in PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane library and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) was conducted. The most relevant studies associated role of PUFAs in regulation of pro inflammatory cytokines, anti-inflammatory cytokines, acute respiratory distress syndrome was considered for the data extraction and interpretation of findings.
Results
PUFAs and their catalytic products via lipoxygenase and Cyclooxygenase results in an array of bioactive lipid mediators called as specialized pro-resolving mediators effectively resole the inflammation. Here, pro inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α in case of SARS-CoV2 and IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-15 and IL-17 in respiratory viral infection reported up regulated and pose uncontrolled production of other immune mediator leading to CSS. PUFAs: ω-3 not only down regulates pro-inflammatory cytokines but also up regulates anti-inflammatory cytokine and facilitates resolution of inflammation. Dietary intake of PUFAs: ω-3 offer a protective role in the acute respiratory distress syndrome associated with cytokine storm. PUFAs: ω-3 and enzymatic metabolites decrease risk of systemic inflammation, multi-organ dysfunction and multi-organ failure due to the respiratory viral infection associated complications.
Conclusion
Clinical evidences demonstrated that the dietary PUFAs (ω-3) and their enzymatic catalytic products i.e. SPMs possess anti-inflammatory potential by down regulating production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Background
The cinnoline ring is a new aromatic heterocyclic connected with two nitrogen atoms in a 6 membered ring and compounds containing this ring have been shown to have a wide variety of pharmacologicaleffects.
Objectives
This review studyextensively explains the synthetic strategy by which researchers have produced cinnoline derivatives reported to have numerous pharmacological effects, including antitubercular, antibacterial, anticancer, antimolluscidal, etc.,
Materials and Methods
The cinnoline moiety is a highly powerful lead that may give a range of pharmacological effects and this study provides brief information on the various synthesis techniques and pharmacological activity of reported cinnoline analogs that support this claim.
Results
This succinct review summarizes the several known cinnoline analogs, outlining their respective synthesis strategies and pharmacological activity and conclusively showing that the cinnoline moiety is a potent lead capable of producing a wide range of therapeutic actions.
Conclusion
This article’s literature review will serve as a springboard for further research into the synthesis of cinnoline derivatives, which in turn will aid in the creation of cinnoline-based compounds with improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics.
Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is a rapid analytical technique. It has become an established analytical atomic spectrometry technique for the analysis of various samples. This method is widely used for determination of the elemental composition of various solids, liquids and gases as well as for the characterization and identification of the material. This technique is based on the optical detection of certain molecular and atomic species. Present review article aims to provide all the basic information related to Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy. In this review article, all the aspects of LIBS such as history, principle, instrumentation, advantages, limitations, as well as applications are described in brief.
This article presents a futuristic framework for incorporating centralized AI to revolutionize patient care, focusing on the post-diagnostic care andmanagement of various chronic conditions.Through the integration of centralized AI with remote monitoring devices, smart wearables and home appliances, a futuristic approach to post-diagnostic care is proposed, serving diverse needs of patients with cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus and sleep disturbances. By employing the power of AI, healthcare providers can deliver timely interventions, optimize treatment outcomes and enhance the overall quality of care for patients with chronic diseases. The Centralized AI system, equipped with advanced algorithms and extensive medical knowledge, facilitates personalized interventions, medication adherence reminders, lifestyle recommendations and continuous monitoring of physiological parameters. Using this centralized AI we can empower patients, support healthcare providers and ultimately improve the well-being and longevity of individuals living with chronic conditions.
The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 has been drafted to bring about a paradigm shift in the prevailing system of education at the school and higher educational levels (Undergraduate and Post graduate Degree programs). The NEP 2020 policy has been designed to ensure that education is reachable to all learners who can avail it at their own pace and according to their needs. Taking academic breaks which was previously unheard of in the Indian education scenario has been made plausible via the NEP 2020. Weightage to the courses taken by the student online and offline is given in the form of credits and each student is recommended to maintain an academic bank of credits account. This article gives an overview of the NEP 2020 policy with respect to higher education with special emphasis to implementation of the undergraduate programs. Recommendation for course structure (as per NEP 2020) for the undergraduate Pharmacy program has been described in detail in comparison with the existing course structure.
Background
Massive Online Open Course (MOOC) provides a new research idea and direction for educational reform with the internet era. The authors designed a “BOPPPS+blended teaching” model and carried out the practice in a ‘Food Biochemistry” course in order to improve the learning effect.
Materials and Methods
42 students in grade 2018 (experimental group) were divided randomly into seven groups (six students in each group) and taught using a “BOPPPS+blended teaching” model. The forty-two students in grade 2017 (control group) was taught using a traditional teaching model. To assess achievement, a final examination in Food Biochemistry was administered at the end of the course and a questionnaire survey was conducted at the end of the term to determine students’ attitude to the new teaching model used.
Results
The results show that, compared with the control group, the students are significantly superior in the depth of knowledge understanding, and there is also a significant difference in learning effect (p <0.05). Their academic performance (81.57±4.12) was about six points higher than the control group (75.16±2.45). The results of the questionnaire survey show that compared with the control group, students are more willing to accept the new teaching model, and are willing to support the continuation of the new teaching model in the future semesters.
Aim
AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome) is one of the most sexually transmitted diseases with chronic depletion of immunity in the body associated with social stigma, social isolation and depression. Zidovudine is an orally prescribed antiretroviral drug for AIDS.The current work’s objective was to develop floating microbeads of zidovudine to achieve sustained release action. Floating microbeads are a non-effervescent, gastro-retentive drug delivery technology that has been designed to lengthen the gastric residence time of dosage forms.
Materials and Methods
The ionotropic gelatin method has opted for the development of Zidovudine floating microbeads. Different ratio of used polymers affects the buoyancy, drug release, particle size, drug entrapment, density, and in vitro drug release of microbeads. Calcium chloride was used as a cross linker and Glyceryl monostearate was used as a disaggregating agent.
Results
The resultant microbeads were furthermore evaluated by FT-IR, SEM, Micrometric, Density, drug entrapment efficiency, buoyancy and in vitro drug release and cumulative drug release studies.
Conclusion
The microbeads were found to be spherical; the mean particle size was estimated to be 594 ± 7.46 μm with maximum drug entrapment efficiency of 82.30 ± 1.63% w/w. The in vitro percentage release of the drug after 12 hr of the formulation MB3 showed the highest drug release which was found to be 90.05 ± 0.64. SEM images showed smooth and spherical shapes.
Introduction
Arthritis, a chronic inflammatory condition causing significant pain and diminished quality of life, affects millions worldwide. This study aimed to develop and characterize a novel herbal transdermal patch using mustard oil and capsaicin extract, extracted via water, alcohol, and mustard oil. The extracts underwent preliminary examination and were assessed for in vitro anti-inflammatory activity.
Objectives
The primary goal was to construct and evaluate a transdermal patch for arthritis treatment, incorporating capsaicin and mustard oil extracts. Additionally, the study aimed to assess the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts, providing insights into their potential therapeutic efficacy.
Materials and Methods
Capsaicin extraction involved water, alcohol, and mustard oil methods, with subsequent evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity. The oil extract was processed into five transdermal patch formulations, integrating naproxen as a model drug. Parameters such as weight variations, folding endurance, tensile strength, and moisture content were analysed. In vitro drug permeability and ex vivo permeation tests were conducted, employing Rhodamine B/Oil Red O dye.
Results
The water-extracted capsaicin exhibited reduced potency on the fourteen days, with observed fungal growth. The alcohol extract showed diminished potency compared to the oil extract. The transdermal patch formulations demonstrated drug release within the range of 0.1 to 0.3 mm, 3% moisture content, 1-pascal tensile strength, and a drug release rate of 90% during in vitro and ex vivo tests, utilizing Rhodamine B/Oil Red O dye.
Background
Ethosomes are elastic nanovesicles made of phospholipids that contain a high concentration of ethanol. It has shown to improve the skin permeability of many drugs due to interactions between the high ethanol.
Materials and Methods
The optimization and characterization of 3-Acetyl-11-Keto-β-Boswellic Acid (AKBA) loaded vesicular ethosomes included measurements of particle size, entrapment effectiveness, microscopy using SEM and TEM, and the interaction of the drug and excipients using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was carried out. FT-IR studies revealed no interaction between the drug and the excipients.
Additionally, in vitro drug permeation test utilizing pig ear skin was conducted on ethosomal formulations. E8 (containing 30% alcohol, 2% w/w phospholipid), was chosen for additional skin permeation studies due to its high percentage of drug entrapment (88.43%) and small particle size (129.3±0.75nm).
Results
The formulation E8 had the greatest amount of drug permeability
(73.22%). Furthermore, paw oedema assay using carrageenan induction was used to investigate the in vivo evaluation of the produced formulation. The anti-inflammatory efficiency of ethosomal vesicles containing AKBA was compared to that of AKBA-loaded carbopol gel.
Conclusion
It revealed that ethosomal had higher anti-inflammatory activity than carbopol gel formulation. Our findings suggest that the developed ethosomal system has the potential to deliver AKBA through the skin.
Aim
A sensitive and accurate RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the quantitative measurement of Ceftriaxone sodium (CEF) in pharmaceutical dosage forms and bulk medicine.
Materials and Methods
Ceftriaxone sodium was separated on a 245 nm photodiode array detector using a Waters XTerra RP-18 (5 μm 250x4.6 mm internal diameter) column.
Results
The method generated an excellent linear response in the concentration range of 0.2-20 μg/mL with remarkable precision of 0.16-0.7% and accuracy in the percent recovery range of 99.88-99.97%.
Conclusion
We find the reverse phase HPLC technique to be highly sensitive, accurate, precise and user-friendly and hence recommend it. Therefore, it could be useful in a quality control lab.
Aim/Background
The aim is to evaluate THMQ’s impact on alcohol withdrawal and alcohol craving using an animal model. Mice were exposed to increasing ethanol doses to simulate dependency. Researchers assessed anxiety levels during withdrawal using behavioural and biochemical tests. THMQ was administered orally at 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg, compared to diazepam (1 mg/kg).
Materials and Methods
Model Creation Mice received escalating ethanol doses (5% to 35% v/v) over specific days. Regular water was given during withdrawal periods. Assessment Tools Elevated Plus Maze (EPM), Elevated Zero Maze (EZM), Open Field Test (OFT), and Western Blot analysis. Treatment Intervention: THMQ (20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg) vs. diazepam (1 mg/kg).
Results and Conclusion
THMQ-treated group showed reduced anxiety and alcohol desire. Alcohol consumption decreased in THMQ-treated mice. No changes in GluA1 and sk2 protein levels. THMQ holds promise as a remedy for alcohol cravings and withdrawal symptoms
Background
Bladder cancer is a prevalent form of cancer worldwide and is associated with increased rates of mortality.
Objectives
The present investigation focuses on understanding the inhibitory activities of punicalagin on the viability and promotion of apoptosis in T24 bladder cancer cells.
Materials and Methods
The punicalagin at diverse concentrations (1-15 μM) was tested for its in vitro free radical scavenging effects, including DPPH, superoxide and peroxyl radicals. The effects of punicalagin against the growth of bladder cancer T24 and normal Vero cells were tested using an MTT assay. The endogenous ROS production and apoptosis were tested using fluorescent staining methods. The tryphan blue staining was done to examine the cell adhesion and viability of the cells. The oxidative stress markers and apoptotic protein expression levels were assayed using kits.
Results
The results of the free radical scavenging assays revealed the effective antioxidant effects of the punicalagin, which reduced the DPPH, superoxide and peroxyl radicals. The treatment with diverse doses of punicalagin effectively inhibited the T24 cell growth while not disturbing the non-malignant Vero cell growth. Punicalagin effectively increased endogenous ROS accumulation and apoptosis in the T24 cells. The cell adhesion and growth was effectively reduced by the punicalagin treatment. It also increased the levels of oxidative stress markers and promoted apoptotic protein expression in the T24 bladder cancer cells. The outcomes of the punicalagin treatment were supported by the findings of the standard drug DOX treatment.
Conclusion
Altogether, the current exploration discovered that punicalagin has anticancer properties that inhibit viability and promote apoptosis in T24 bladder cancer cells via upregulating oxidative stress and apoptotic protein expressions. Therefore, the current results suggest the punicalagin as a promising and candidate for bladder cancer treatment.
Objectives
The study aimed to develop ocular films containing levofloxacin to treat conjunctivitis. These films were meticulously prepared using a combination of Gelatin, Aloe barbadensis leaves mucilage, and HPMC K4M, by the solvent casting technique, with the primary objective of enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of levofloxacin for this specific eye condition.
Materials and Methods
A comprehensive evaluation was carried out to ensure the quality and reliability of the films, encompassing parameters such as film thickness, weight variation, content uniformity, percentage moisture loss, and absorption capacity. In addition, in vitro drug release studies were conducted to simulate the eye's conditions and understand the controlled release of the drug. The study also considered the influence of polymer concentrations, on drug release using Design Expert software’s Box Behnken Design.
Results
Notably, the research revealed that the ocular films followed zero-order kinetics, meaning they released the drug at a constant rate over time.
Conclusion
Furthermore, the films demonstrated stability under ambient conditions, making them a promising alternative for prolonged drug delivery and improved therapeutic outcomes in conjunctivitis treatment.
Background
Obesity is defined by an excess of body fat, together with insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. These factors significantly elevate the risk of acquiring chronic disorders such as Diabetes Mellitus (DM), cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, etc.
Objectives
The goal of the current study was to evaluate bavachalcone's beneficial effects on insulin resistance and obesity in experimental rats fed a High-Fat and High-Fructose (HFa-HFr) diet.
Materials and Methods
The metabolic complications were induced in rats by HFa-HFr diet feeding for a period of 10 weeks and treated with bavachalcone from the 5th to the 10th weeks. The effects of bavachalcone on various parameters such as food and water consumption, body weight, insulin, blood glucose level, serum biochemical markers, liver oxidative stress markers, and proinflammatory cytokine levels were assessed after treatment. Additionally, a histopathological examination was conducted on the liver tissues.
Results
The findings showed that the rats fed with the HFa-HFr diet exhibited a notable elevation in blood glucose, insulin level, body weight, fat deposits, and liver marker enzyme activities. These changes were effectively mitigated by the bavachalcone treatment. Furthermore, the HFa-HFr diet resulted in elevated fat accumulation, oxidative stress, and inflammatory biomarker levels. In contrast, bavachalcone treatment successfully reduced insulin resistance, fat deposition, inflammatory, and oxidative stress conditions in the HFa-HFr diet-fed rats.
Conclusion
The results clearly showed that bavachalcone treatment successfully mitigated the HFa-HFr diet-caused metabolic abnormalities by reducing fat deposition and inflammatory and oxidative stress markers.
Protective Effects of Lysergol against Complete Freund Adjuvant-Induced Rheumatoid Arthritis in Rats
Background
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a rapidly developing autoimmune disease caused by self-destruction of the immune system, resulting in deformed joints and erosion of the bones. In the current study, we explored the anti-arthritic impact of Lysergol against the Complete Freund Adjuvant (CFA)-stimulated arthritis in rat model.
Materials and Methods
Administration of CFA was performed for inducing arthritis and the animals were divided into 4 distinct groups. The rats then received Lysergol at a dose of 20 mg/kg. The body weight, paw swelling, arthritic index score, inflammatory cytokine levels and other inflammatory parameters were assessed along with the histopathological examination. CFA-stimulated arthritic animals treated with Lysergol substantially increased the body weight and reduced the paw swelling, organ index and arthritic index.
Results
Lysergol-treated rats further suppressed the levels of inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-1β. Lysergol treatment also decreased the levels of Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Nitric oxide and Thromboxane B2 (TXB2), as well as C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide (CCP).
Conclusion
The present investigation thus found that Lysergol may be an appropriate substitute to the currently available treatments for RA, since it exhibits a remarkable anti-inflammatory effect against CFA-stimulated arthritis in rodent models.
Background
Alzheimer's Disease (AD), is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, that results in memory loss, cognitive impairment and behavioral abnormalities. It is one of the most widely spread diseases and is common among elders. In AD there is an increase in the generation of ROS, RNS and phosphorylation of TAU. As a result, efforts to produce AD medications have centered on lowering the levels of Aβ (Amyoid β). Cholesterol stabilizes β-secretase and γ-secretase and promotes amyloidogenesis.
Aim
The current work evaluated the therapeutic potential of plant-based berberine for Aβ clearance in a rodent model of AD via HMG CoA reductase inhibitory action.
Materials and Methods
The olfactory sensibility (Buried pellet test), spatial memory (Morris water maze) and recognition memory (Novel Object Recognition Test-NORT) were used to evaluate berberines’ protective effects using female C57BL/6 mice. It was reported that Streptozotocin (STZ) causes memory loss and dysregulation of lipid metabolism.
Results
The current investigation showed encouraging results in slowing the progression of AD by reducing Aβ deposition. The combination of Donepezil and berberine (DPZ-3.5 mg/kg and BBR-100 mg/kg/p.o) had significant improvement in behavioral parameters such as cognitive agility and olfactory function. BBR (100 mg/kg) has shown a significant decrease (40%) in total cholesterol levels compared to the disease group. Additionally, the group treated with BBR (100 mg/kg) alone showed a significant reduction in the Aβ amyloid deposition.
Conclusion
This study shows that berberine slows the progression of AD by regulating the lipid metabolism as a result reducing the deposition of Aβ amyloid.
Aim/Background
Ovarian Cancer (OC) accounts for the highest number of deaths among gynecological cancers. Our research is focused on investigating the therapeutic potential and the fundamental mechanism by which miR-142-5p exerts its effects in the treatment of OC.
Materials and Methods
The GSE53829 and GSE83693 data sets were collected for targeted miRNA identification. RT-qPCR was conducted to evaluate the expression levels of miRNA, N-cadherin, ZO-1, Claudin-1, E-cadherin, and DNMT1 mRNA expressions. Additionally, the protein expressions of these mentioned molecules were quantified using western blot analysis. The invasion and migratory abilities of OC cells were assessed through transwell and wound healing assays. Additionally, the possible interaction between miR-142-5p and DNMT1 was identified and confirmed using the Targetscan database in conjunction with a luciferase assay.
Results
The mRNA levels of miR-142-5p showed a notable reduction in both OC cell lines and metastatic tumors, as compared to their counterparts of normal ovarian cancer cells and non-metastatic tumors, respectively. Besides, the inhibition or overexpression of miR-142-5p had a significant impact on the migration, invasion ability, and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) process of OC cells. The levels of DNMT1 were significantly increased in metastatic tumors and were notably affected by the expression of miR-142-5p. Moreover, interaction between DNMT1 mRNA and miR-142-5p was confirmed, and the knockdown of DNMT1 effectively counteracted the significant reversal in OC cell migration, invasion, and EMT caused by miR-142-5p suppression.
Conclusion
The role of miR-142-5p on OC metastasis is attributed to its ability to suppress EMT through DNMT1, indicating the promising therapeutic potential of miR-142-5p in the treatment of OC.
Background
This study evaluated the chemical composition, antioxidant activity and antibacterial properties of methanol extracts of Ocimum basilicum L. leaves that were gathered from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’s Jazan province.
Materials and Methods
The extract was examined using FTIR and GC-MS techniques, which revealed the presence of terpenes (53.14%), Linalool (24.5%), sulfoxides (4.19%), cinnamic acid (5.23%), fatty acid esters (1.45%) and phthalic acid esters (0.72%).
Results
The extract contained significant levels of total phenolic compounds and demonstrated a DPPH radical scavenging capacity of 33.70%, which is considered to be good. The antibacterial activity spectrum of O. basilicum leaves’ methanolic extract was found to be broader. The extract was tested against eight different bacteria strains, including S. cholestasis, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, K. pneumoniae, E. coli, P. mirabilis, E. faecalis, and S. cholestasis.
Conclusion
With an inhibition zone of 21 mm, S. aureus exhibited the highest level of antibacterial activity, whereas P. aeruginosa demonstrated the lowest value, with an inhibition zone of 15 mm. Nonetheless, the activity range was more constrained than that of regular ciprofloxacin discs.
Aim/Background
Propofol, recognized for its quick and effective action as a hypnotic anesthetic, is frequently utilized in clinical practice. Our research intended to investigate the mechanism by which propofol inhibits neuronal ferroptosis and promotes synaptic plasticity via mitochondrial energy regulation.
Materials and Methods
Mouse Hippocampal Neurons (HT22) cells were treated with RAS-Selective Lethal 3 (RSL3) and propofol followed by Reactive Oxygen species (ROS) detection. Expression levels of ferroptosis and mitochondrial energy regulation were analyzed. HT22 cells were treated with a Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) inhibitor before propofol treatment. Level of ROS, Fe2+ and genes expression and synaptic plasticity were measured.
Results
In the RSL3-Low+propofol cohort, exhibiting a stark contrast to both the mock group and the RSL3-High+propofol group, the administration of propofol notably attenuated the expression of ROS, Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and Long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA Ligase 4 (ACSL4), while concurrently enhancing the levels of Glutathione Peroxidase 4 (GPX4), Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 11 (SLC7A11), Nuclear Factor-like 2 (NRF2), Ferritin Heavy chain 1 (FTH1), Adenosine 5’-Monophosphate (AMP)-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK), SIRT1 and PPARγ Coactivator-1 α (PGC-1α). ROS and Fe2+ levels were substantially greater in the Selisistat+propofol group than in the propofol group, whereas SIRT1 and PGC-1α expression levels were considerably less in comparison to the mock and propofol groups. Conversely, the propofol group showed significantly higher levels of AMPK, SIRT1, PGC-1α, Synapsin-1 (SYN1) and PSD-95 compared to the mock group and the Selisistat+propofol group (p <0.05).
Conclusion
Propofol inhibits oxidative stress-induced neuronal cell ferroptosis and promotes synaptic plasticity via the AMPK/ SIRT1/PGC-1α axis.
Background
Helicobacter pylori is implicated in several severe gastrointestinal disorders, including gastric cancer, affecting a significant global population. This study aims to exploit plant biotechnology for vaccine development by engineering brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) to express H. pylori’s cytotoxin-associated gene A (cagA) antigen. Utilizing transgenic plants as an innovative strategy not only mitigates the high costs associated with traditional vaccine production but also leverages their capacity to induce a mucosal immune response.
Materials and Methods
We used the brinjal variety ‘Arka Keshav’ for transformation. The cagA gene from H. pylori strain 26695 was cloned into the pBI121 vector and transferred into brinjal using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Transgenic expression was verified through PCR, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), Western blotting and ELISA. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess the localization of the cagA protein within the plant tissues.
Results
Cloning and amplification confirmed the insertion of the cagA gene approximately ~1700 bp in size. Transgenic brinjal lines were successfully generated, with distinct expression levels of cagA observed. ELISA and Western blot analyses indicated significant cagA protein expression, particularly in lines B11 and B17, which showed the highest antigen concentrations. The consistency of mRNA and protein expression validated the effectiveness of the transgenic approach.
Conclusion
The study demonstrates the feasibility of using genetically modified brinjal as a platform for producing edible vaccines against H. pylori. This approach not only presents a cost-effective alternative to traditional vaccines but also offers potential for enhancing accessibility in regions burdened by gastric diseases associated with H. pylori. Future research should focus on optimizing expression systems and evaluating the clinical efficacy of these plant-based vaccines.
Background
The breast cancer is most frequently diagnosed cancer in the women worldwide. Our study investigated the anticancer effect of peiminine, an alkaloid obtained from Fritillaria thunbergii, against breast carcinoma.
Materials and Methods
The toxicity study investigated LD50 and the subsequent doses of peiminine for carcinogenic study. The in vitro chemotherapeutic assessment was performed on MCF7 cells through MTT assay and flow cytometry. The breast cancer was developed in rats via induction of DMBA (5 mg/kg, i.v.) and sustained for 24 weeks. The induction of breast cancer and the chemotherapeutic effect of peiminine were assessed through histopathological analysis of rat mammary tissue, followed by immunohistochemical analysis, cell proliferation assay and apoptosis assay by TUNEL method.
Results
The IC50 value of peiminine in MCF7 cell was found to be 5 μg/mL which demonstrate a significant induction of apoptosis and enhanced caspase-3 expression in MCF7 cells in a dose dependent manner. The complex also caused cell cycle arrest at S phase and G2/M phase dose dependently. Additionally, peiminine therapy decreased the hyperplastic lesions of mammary tissue and restored the normal histopathological characteristics of breast tissue. Furthermore, peiminine treatment downregulated the expression of carcinogenic markers such as PI3K and Akt increased the expression of apoptotic markers including p53 and Bax. Peiminine therapy also decreased the cellular proliferation and enhanced the apoptotic events.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the breast cancer progression was significantly reduced via induction of apoptotic events and inhibition of cell propagation which allowed constructing of suitable mechanism for peiminine mediated chemotherapeutic approach.
Aims
The main objective of this research work was to investigate the anticancer effects of Naringetol in A-549 human lung cancer cells along with evaluating its effects on cell apoptosis, cell migration and cell invasion and decoding the molecular mechanism of action by studying interactions of this molecule with the target protein using in silico molecular docking studies.
Materials and Methods
MTT assay was used to study effects on cell viability while as effects on cell colony was evaluated by clonogenic assay. Acridine orange/ethidium bromide, DAPI staining assays using fluorescence microscopy were used to study effects on cell apoptosis. Cell migration and cell invasion inhibition was evaluated by Transwell assay. AutoDoc Vina software used to carry out docking simulation studies using Naringetol and EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) protein.
Results
Results indicated that Naringetol induced dose and time-dependent inhibition of A-549 cancer cell viability along with inhibiting cell colony formation. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that naringetol molecule induced apoptosis like features in A-549 cells including nuclear and chromatin condensation and deformed cell membrane structures. Naringetol also led to a significant inhibition of cell migration and invasion hinting to its anti-metastatic potency. Molecular docking simulation studies indicated potential binding of naringetol with the key amino acid residues of the EGFR target protein with a binding score of -8.5 kcal/mole.
Conclusion
In conclusion, these results reveal that naringetol inhibits lung cancer cell proliferation through the induction of cell apoptosis and suppression of cell migration and cell invasion. The target protein involved might be the EGFR protein as revealed by in silico molecular docking simulation studies.
Background
Trachyspermum ammi (T. ammi) holds a longstanding position in traditional medicinal practices, renowned for its diverse medicinal and pharmacological attributes. Medicinal plants not only offer significant therapeutic benefits but also hold economic importance. A noteworthy trait of phytomedicine lies in its low toxicity, which positively impacts the pharmaceutical market. Hence, traditional practices often incorporate detoxification/purification methods to mitigate the toxicity of herbs.
Objectives
Aimed at scientifically validating these practices, our study explores the traditional detoxification method known as Sodhana and assessing its Influence on T ammi.
Materials and Methods
We evaluate the antimicrobial, phytochemical, heavy metal content and anti-inflammatory efficacy of detoxified T ammi seeds.
Results
The seeds undergo lime treatment, followed by grinding into powder and extraction with 90% ethanol. Our antimicrobial study reveals that lime-treated ethanol extract exhibits robust inhibitory activity against various microbial strains, surpassing the unprocessed extract in most cases. Notably, significant reductions in heavy metal content are observed post-lime treatment, particularly in titanium, indium, bismuth, strontium, lead, aluminum, boron, mercury, and cadmium. Phytochemical analyses via ICP/OES, GC-MS and LC-MS demonstrate alterations in compound compositions between unprocessed and lime-treated extracts, with the latter exhibiting elevated levels of thymol and fatty acids. Furthermore, our investigation highlights the considerable anti-inflammatory potential of lime-treated T ammi seed extracts.
Conclusion
In conclusion, our findings emphasize the efficacy of lime treatment in reducing toxic elements while enhancing antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, thus advocating for its utilization in traditional herbal practices.
Background
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a rapidly developing autoimmune disease caused by self-destruction of the immune system, resulting in deformed joints and erosion of the bones. In the current study, we explored the anti-arthritic impact of Lysergol against the Complete Freund Adjuvant (CFA)-stimulated arthritis in rat model.
Materials and Methods
Administration of CFA was performed for inducing arthritis and the animals were divided into 4 distinct groups. The rats then received Lysergol at a dose of 20 mg/kg. The body weight, paw swelling, arthritic index score, inflammatory cytokine levels and other inflammatory parameters were assessed along with the histopathological examination. CFA-stimulated arthritic animals treated with Lysergol substantially increased the body weight and reduced the paw swelling, organ index and arthritic index.
Results
Lysergol-treated rats further suppressed the levels of inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-1β. Lysergol treatment also decreased the levels of Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Nitric oxide and Thromboxane B2 (TXB2), as well as C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide (CCP).
Conclusion
The present investigation thus found that Lysergol may be an appropriate substitute to the currently available treatments for RA, since it exhibits a remarkable anti-inflammatory effect against CFA-stimulated arthritis in rodent models.
Aim
This research aimed to explore the antipyretic and antioxidant activity of infusions of Chromolaena odorata (COI), Abelmoschus manihot (AMI), Annona muricata (AMCI), Allium ascalonicum (AAI), Carica papaya (CPI), Tamarindus indica (TII), Zingiber officinale (ZOI ), Abrus precatorius (API), Momordica charantia (MCI) and Strobilanthes crispus (SCI).
Materials and Methods
The antipyretic activity of plant infusions was tested using a peptone-induced rat model. The male rat used were divided into 32 groups for each test. Each group consisted of four rats, including a negative control, a positive control (paracetamol 150 mg/kg) and groups COI, AMI, AMCI, AAI, CPI, TII, ZOI, API, MCI and SCI, each administered doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg. Initial rectal temperature was recorded using a rectal thermometer at a depth of 1.5 cm in the rat rectum. Fever induction was confirmed by a temperature rise of more than 0.5°C. After drug administration, rectal temperature was recorded periodically at 1, 2, 3 and 4 hr. Furthermore, antioxidant activity was tested using the DPPH method.
Results
The results showed that administration of COI, AMI, AMCI, AAI, CPI, TII, ZOI, API, MCI and SCI was able to significantly reduce the rectal temperature of febrile rat which depended on dose and time. The antioxidant test results indicated that AAI exhibited very strong antioxidant intensity, while AMCI, CPI, ZOI, API and SCI showed strong antioxidant intensity, COI and MCI had medium antioxidant intensity, AMI had weak antioxidant intensity and TII displayed very weak antioxidant intensity.
Conclusion
Based on the results, it can be concluded that COI, AMI, AMCI, AAI, CPI, TII, ZOI, API, MCI and SCI exhibit antipyretic and antioxidant activity.
Background
Cardiovascular diseases and its associated chronic disorders are was and tend to be a global threat for centuries. 80% of cardiovascular diseases were reported in the lower and middle income countries. Chronic atherosclerosis, a chronic circulatory disorder occurs due to the platelet aggregation, thrombosis formation and eventually rupture of atherosclerotic plaque causes excessive mortalities and morbidities worldwide. Previously elderly people were at risk of cardiovascular diseases whereas at present due to life style changes rise in premature chronic atherosclerosis mortality was observed. Since atherosclerosis is mostly asymptomatic diagnosis and treating the disease is a challenging task for the physicians. Lipids lowering drugs, anticoagulants, antiplatelet drugs, diuretics etc were prescribed to treat cardiovascular disease. This medication on long term usage causes enormous side effects which affects the quality of life of the patients. Natural drug are potential alternative for the allopathic drugs to various chronic diseases.
Objectives
In our study we examined the potency of lichen metabolite usnic acid potency to treat atherosclerosis induction in rats. Atherosclerosis was induced in Wistar rats with high fat diet model.
Materials and Methods
Food intake and body weight gain in experimental animals were monitored regularly. To confirm the induction of atherosclerosis in rats the complete lipid profile was assessed with commercially available kits. Atherogenic index, TC/HDLc and LDLc/HDLc were also calculated to further confirm the high fat diet induced hyperlipidemic condition. Cardiac profile was quantified to evaluate the ameliorative potency of usnic acid against high fat diet induced atherosclerosis. Inflammation the prime initiator of atherosclerosis hence pro-inflammatory cytokines and C-reactive protein were measured in the experimental rats. To assess the impact of usnic acid on high fat diet induced endothelial dysfunction the levels of NO, ET, 6-keto-PGF1a and TXB2 in serum of experimental rats. Finally, to confirm the anti-atherosclerotic property of usnic acid histological analysis of aorta was performed.
Results
Usnic acid significantly prevented weight gain, dysregulation of lipid and cardiac profile in high fat diet induced rats. It also inhibited the inflammatory response via decreasing the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Usnic acid potentially increased the NO, 6-keto-PGF1a and decreased ET, TXB2 thereby prevented high fat diet induced endothelial dysfunction in experimental rats. Histopathological analysis endorses the ameliorative potency of usnic acid against high fat diet induced atherosclerosis in rats.
Conclusion
Altogether our study reveals usnic acid can be a potent drug to treat high fat diet induced atherosclerosis and can be subjected to further research.
Background/Aim
Goniothalamin (GTN) has received significant attention for its selective cytotoxicity toward multiple tumor cell lines, without causing any effect on normal cells. Despite a lack of toxicity, the poor potency of GTN hinders its clinical development. The existing in vivo data are also insufficient to support that GTN does not have effect on healthy cells. This prompted us to investigate whether GTN may produce any changes on healthy cells in the organs of mice especially liver as it is vital for metabolism of drugs. The present study aimed to examine the effects of Goniothalamin (GTN), one of the emerging plant-derived anticancer metabolites on the morphology of mouse liver and its possible role in the expression and distribution of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Diaphorase (NADPH-d), an indirect indicator of Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS).
Materials and Methods
Mice were randomly assigned to four main groups (n=72): Experimental group (GTN), positive control group (Betulinic acid; BetA), vehicle control group (Dimethyl Sulfoxide; DMSO) and control group (without vehicle). They were further classified into three sub-groups as per the treatment period like 4-day, 8-day and 12-day.
Results
The NADPH-d expression indicates the presence of NOS, which is an enzyme that involves in the formation of Nitric Oxide (NO). Our results revealed that GTN treatment induced NADPH-d activity in the liver with no significant morphological changes. Furthermore, the expression of NADPH-d significantly increased in the GTN-treated group, when compared to other groups. The NADPH-d positive portal triads, sinusoids and nerve fiber like structures may suggest the role of NO in regulating the blood flow and maintaining the function of liver cells. The distribution of NO in the portal tract suggests the role of NO in transporting bile and the NO detected in hepatocytes may indicate either normal development or to some extent of injury in the hepatic cells. The total surface area stained on the entire surface of the liver lobule was calculated using FIJI software and the results were analyzed by GraphPad software. The stained areas in the test group did not show significant difference when compared to the stained areas in control group.
Conclusion
NADPH-d expression in the liver of mice suggests that NO signaling may play a key role in GTN-induced hepatoprotection. These results are of direct clinical importance and may pave the way for further development of GTN as a potential pharmaceutical candidate.
Aim of the Study
To assess the antidiarrheal properties of Evodiamine in the prevention and treatment of Chemotherapy-Induced Diarrhea (CID) in experimental rats.
Materials and Methods
The Swiss albino female rats (8-12 weeks) rats were treated with Evodiamine for 13 days and 5-FU was administered on day 4 to day 10 (7 consecutive days) for the induction of diarrhea. After 13 days of experiments, all rats were euthanized and thymus and spleen weights were measured. Bodyweight and diarrhea rate and score were recorded every day.
Results
Our study resulted that Evodiamine significantly prevented and reduced the rate and intensity of diarrhea, body weight and thymus/spleen indexes in dose-dependently. The highest effects were observed with Evodiamine 50 and 100 mg/kg which exhibited a similar effect with that of loperamide (3 mg/kg).
Conclusion
Our findings demonstrated the antidiarrheal activity of Evodiamine for the prevention of 5-FU induced diarrhea. This is the first-ever study reporting on the antidiarrheal potential of Evodiamine against chemotherapy-induced diarrhea.
Background
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory impairment, cognitive decline and behavioural changes. It primarily affects individuals over the age of 65. It poses a substantial global health burden, with an increasing prevalence among the elderly population. Although the exact aetiology of AD is complex and multifactorial, emerging evidence suggests that dysfunction of glutamatergic neurotransmission, particularly involving the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptors, plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of AD.
Materials and Methods
Fresh plant material was collected, extracted and administered orally to experimental groups, the negative control group received scopolamine, while the control group received a vehicle. Behavioural assessments, biochemical assays, neurotransmitters and histo-pathological examinations were conducted.
Results
Scopolamine administration significantly increased glutamatergic activity in the brain regions of mice, while Marrubium vulgare treatment mitigated this effect in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, scopolamine-induced memory deficits were associated with elevated glutamate levels and oxidative stress, as indicated by decreased levels of glutathione and increased levels of malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase and catalase. Treatment with Marrubium vulgare attenuated the scopolamine-induced oxidative stress by reducing glutamate and MDA levels and restoring GSH, catalase and SOD levels in the brain.
Conclusion
These findings suggest that Marrubium vulgare exerts its memory-enhancing effects by modulating glutamatergic activity and reducing oxidative stress in this scopolamine-induced dementia model. Targeting these mechanisms may contribute to developing new AD therapies. Further research is needed to elucidate the molecular pathways and validate the potential clinical utility of Marrubium vulgare for AD management.
Background
Chromolaena odorata (CO) is a well-known ethnopharmacological herb in Ayurveda and exhibits a comprehensive range of therapeutic potential.
Objectives
The objective of this research was to study the phytochemical profile of ethanolic extract of CO by Gas Chromatography Mass Chromatography (GC-MS) analysis.
Materials and Methods
Ethanolic extract of CO was prepared by soxhlet extraction and the extract was subjected to GC-MS analysis (Agilent 7890A GC System) for chemical characterization of the extract. The constituents were analysed by matching the mass spectra with MS libraries.
Results and Conclusion
Total 24 compounds were identified in the extract and the constituents belonging to various chemical classes like phenols, coumarin, terpenoids, Long Chain Fatty Acids (LCFA) and flavonoid were identified. Compounds include phenol,4-ethenyl-acetate; 2-methoxy-4-vinyl phenol; 2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one,3,4-dihydro; 2-propenoic acid,3-(2-hydroxy phenyl); 1H-cyclopenta [1,3] cyclopropa [1,2] benzene, octahydro-7-methyl-3-methyene-4-(1-methylethyl)-(3As-(3aα,3bβ,7α,7aS*]; trans-z- -bisabolene epoxide; 1H-Inden-1-one,7-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-2,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl; 2-pentadecanone 6,10,14-trimethyl; hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester; hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester; 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid; phytol; oleic acid; 2H-Pyran,2-(7-heptadecynyloxy) tetrahydro; squalene etc. The presence of these phytoconstituents could be of potential use of this plant and would help researchers to work with different in vivo and in vitro models.
Aims
Borassus flabellifer, commonly known as Palmyra palm, Ice apple, Nungu (Tamil) is prevalent in South Asia. This study is focused on determining the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract isolated from the seedcoat of Borassus flabellifer.
Materials and Methods
The ethanolic extract of Borassus flabellifer seedcoat was prepared by cold extraction technique using sterile filter paper. The in vitro antioxidant activity was assessed using 2,2-Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl [DPPH] assay, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power [FRAP] assay, Hydrogen peroxide assay and Catalase assay. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity was determined using the Membrane stabilization method, Protein denaturation method and inhibition of albumin denaturation method.
Results
DPPH assay revealed stronger anti-oxidant activity than the standard, Butylated Hydroxy Toluene [BHT]. FRAP assay exhibited limited anti-oxidant activity but less than the standard, Ferrous sulfate [FeSO4]. Hydrogen peroxide assay demonstrated good anti-oxidant activity but not more than the standard, Ascorbic acid [Vitamin C]. Catalase assay proved the presence of significant antioxidant activity. There was limited anti-inflammatory activity observed in all three methods employed. Diclofenac was used as standard.
Conclusion
This study concludes that the seedcoat of Borassus flabellifer has strong anti-oxidant activity and limited anti-inflammatory activity. Traditional herbal medicine has been used since ancient times. Hence, it can be used for treating a variety of human ailments since it yields less serious side effects as well as cheaper.
Introduction
The escalating mortality and morbidity rates due to malaria present an unsolved global health problem. Previous in vivo research has revealed the antimalarial effect of S. hermanni. However, the mechanism of quinoxaline inhibition from curry fish against P. falciparum remains unknown, prompting this in silico investigation to identify inhibition pathways.
Objectives
This study aims to uncover the inhibitory mechanism pathways of quinoxaline from S. hermanni against numerous proteins in P. falciparum using an in silico approach.
Materials and Methods
The PDB, UniProt, and PubChem databases were utilized to obtain target protein and ligand structures. The Molegro molecular docking tool was employed to assess the interactions between the target protein and ligand and evaluate the protein target and ligand (control or active compound). 3D visualization of the target protein-ligand interaction was conducted using Discovery Studio. Pharmacokinetic and toxicity prediction analysis of quinoxaline was performed using PkCMS.
Results
Quinoxaline can bind to P. falciparum proteins through similar amino acid residues or different pathways compared to the controls via inhibitor, active, substrate, and cofactor sites, exhibiting various binding affinities. Pharmacokinetic assays revealed that quinoxaline possesses good water solubility, intestinal absorption, and the ability to penetrate the BBB/CNS. However, it exhibits poor skin permeability and limited distribution properties. It can interfere with the P450 function and demonstrates excellent excretion properties. Toxicity analysis indicated that quinoxaline has no toxic effects but can induce skin sensitization.
Conclusion
Quinoxaline from curry fish can effectively block multiple metabolic pathways of P. falciparum and has no toxic effect. However, it still exhibits moderate pharmacokinetic properties.
Aim
Solanum melongena L., commonly known as eggplant, is a low-calorie vegetable with high nutritional value due to its rich fiber, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds, particularly polyphenols, which provide antioxidant properties. This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition and biological activities of methanolic extracts from purple S. melongena fruit.
Materials and Methods
The chemical and biological properties of the methanolic extract were analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Bioactive compounds were identified through standard methods and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The antioxidant capacity was assessed using free radical scavenging (DPPH, ABTS) and ferric reducing power assays. The extract’s urease inhibition and anti-inflammatory effects were also tested, and antimicrobial activity was evaluated via the agar diffusion method.
Results
Qualitative analysis detected phenols, alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, saponins, and anthraquinones. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were found to be 81 mg GEA/kg and 75 mg QE/kg, respectively. GC-MS analysis revealed 44 chemical compounds, with quinic acid being the most abundant (>60% peak area). Most identified compounds had not been previously reported in S. melongena L. The methanolic extract displayed moderate antioxidant activity across DPPH, ABTS, reducing power, and phenanthroline assays and showed similar moderate effects in urease inhibition and anti-inflammatory assays. Antibacterial activity was strong against all tested species.
Discussion
The methanolic extract of S. melongena L. exhibits promising antioxidant, anti-urease, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties. However, further research, including metabolomic studies, is necessary to fully understand the metabolic profile and action mechanisms of the identified compounds.
Background and Aim
Pistacia vera (PV) is an important species with economic value, rich compound content and high biological activity. Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) used in our study is an important reactive toxic compound. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is often used as an important cell model in xenobiotic, toxicological and biochemical studies. This research, fatty acid contents of Pistacia vera cultivated in Kilis province, the effects of this content on fatty acid profile and total proteins in CCl4-induced cell damage the Saccharomyces cerevisiae (bread yeast) were investigated.
Materials and Methods
Fatty acid analysis of pistachio fruits was performed with GC tools. The model used for cell culture was S. cerevisiae. YEDP (1 g yeast extract for 100 mL, 2 g bacto peptone, 2 g glucose) medium was utilized for the growth and multiplication of S. cerevisiae FMC16. There were six groups in this study. i) Control group, ii) Pistacia vera 200 μL (PV2) group; iii) Carbon Tetrachloride 100 μL (CCl4) group, iv) Pistacia vera 400 μL (PV4) group; v) PV2+CCl4 group; and vi) PV4+CCl4 group. Following sterilization, S. cerevisiae cultures were incubated at 60°C for 72 hr (overnight). PV and CCl4 were then added to the cultures. Cell growth and total protein amounts of S. cerevisiae were determined by spectrophotometer.
Results
Research of results showed that, in contrast to the CCl4 group, total protein synthesis and cell proliferation increased in PV2+CCl4 and PV4+CCl4 groups at 1, 3, 5 and 72 hr (overnight). In our study, it was determined that there were important changes in fatty acids profile levels of oxidative stress-induced yeast cells. In our findings, an increase was observed in some fatty acid levels of PV extract, PV2, PV4, PV2+CCl4 and PV4+CCl4 groups compared to CCl4 groups. In our study, decreasing effects of CCl4 treatment on many fatty acids were observed in S. cerevisiae.
Conclusion
PV extract helps S. cerevisiae culture cells thrive and synthesize all of their proteins while also lowering oxidative damage. The positive results of PV extract especially on fatty acid biosynthesis and responsible enzyme activities will be a source for analogous research on different living organisms.
Background
One type of chronic kidney disease is diabetic nephropathy. One of the main causes of end-stage renal disease and chronic kidney disease is diabetic nephropathy. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of treating diabetic nephropathy with conessine extract on male wistar rats with diabetes that had been triggered by streptozotocin.
Materials and Methods
Twenty-four rats were split up into four groups. The regular diet was fed to the negative control animals in the first group. After receiving a single intravenous injection of streptozotocin to cause diabetes, the remaining 18 rats were split equally into three groups: the diabetic control group was placed in group 2, the third group received oral treatment with 20 mg/ kg of conessine, and the fourth group received oral treatment with 5 mg/kg of gliclazide.
Results
In comparison to the negative control, the rats in the second group had higher glucose and lipid peroxide levels and lower SOD, CAT, GR, GPx, and GSH activity. Diabetes also led to an increase in immunoglobulins, interleukin-6, and carboxymethyl lysine. Potassium and sodium levels were lowered, while kidney function metrics were also raised. renal tissues also displayed significant histological alterations.
Conclusion
Conessine treatments, administered to the diabetic rats in the third improved all altered biochemical and pathological tests that were getting closer to the negative control.
Background
Liver cancer's severity has prompted interest in herbal remedies for hepatotoxicity and the disease. Acacia nilotica (Vachellia nilotica), valued for its traditional medicinal properties, particularly in its aerial components, is being investigated for its hepatoprotective and anti-cancer effects. However, research on A. nilotica bark extracts and their mechanisms of action is limited.
Materials and Methods
The study aimed to determine the Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC), and antioxidant properties of A. nilotica bark extract using biochemical assays. Additionally, it examined the protective effects of A. nilotica bark extract on normal Liver Cells (LO2) and its toxicity against liver cancer cells (HepG2) using cell culture techniques.
Results
The extract showed significant antioxidant properties (EC50-16.34), with a total phenolic content of 159.98±9.91 mg GAE/DW and a flavonoid content of 16.93 mg QE/g dry weight. It exhibited moderate toxicity towards HepG2 cells at concentrations >100 μg/mL but was non-toxic to LO2 cells. Moreover, it prevented oxidative damage in LO2 cells induced by H2O2.
Conclusion
These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of A. nilotica bark extract in liver cancer and hepatotoxicity treatment, warranting further clinical investigation.
Background
Injuries and fatalities caused by liver disease are among the highest in the globe. Every year, more than one million people lose their lives due to chronic hepatitis, which affects an estimated 500 million people worldwide. In order to create liver disease treatments that can successfully cure or slow the illness’s progression without side effects, new approaches are needed.
Objectives
The present study’s aim is to examine and confirm the buffering properties of Bougainvillea spectabilis extracts of ethanolic and aqueous against rat hepatic damage caused by CCl4.
Materials and Methods
The mice were grouped into several groups. To induce acute and massive hepatopathy, CCl4 was injected intraperitoneally in a 1:1 ratio with olive oil at a dosage of 2 mL/kg. The toxic control group showed significant weight loss after the intoxication, as revealed by evaluation of biochemical parameters. The hepatoprotective effect was investigated by measuring body weight, serum liver enzymes such as AST, ALT, ALP, SGPT, SGOT, Total protein and albumin. Liver histopathology was then used to evaluate the hepatic architecture, every alignment and inflammatory cells.
Results
All of the rats treated with carbon tetrachloride had significantly elevated protective markers and the rats given B. spectabilis extracts i.e. ethanolic and aqueous made a full recovery, returning to nearly normal levels. Histological examination corroborated these results, which indicate that B. spectabilis protected the cellular architecture of Carbon Tetrachloride-damaged liver cells and the hepatic membrane’s structural integrity. During comparison to the aqueous group, the rats administered with the ethanolic extract showed promising outcomes that were on par with those of a conventional polyherbal medicine.
Conclusion
Thus, ethanolic extract of the plant B. spectabilis may have a protective role against CCl4-induced hepatopathy, according to the statistically significant results of our investigation.
Objectives
The current research finding suggests dissolution enhancement of nifedipine tablets using Liquid solid technique.
Materials and Methods
The drug's solubility in various liquid carriers has been examined, out of which drug shows maximum solubility in PEG 400 which acts non-volatile liquid solvents. The prepared mixture dissolved with Avicel PH 102 which acts as carrier and Aerosil 200 acts as coating material using formula for Liquid Load Factor (Lf). The blend is then mixed with disintegrating agent Sodium Starch Glycolate (SSG) and other excipients to make the final formulation from which tablets are prepared by direct compression method.
Results
Different physical parameters and in vitro drug release of tablets were evaluated. Comparison of the FTIR spectrum of Nifedipine drugs with the FTIR spectrum physical mixtures in terms of any incompatibility inferred compatibility of that the drug and other excipients with each other. The formulation batch in F1 with 85.81±1.0% dug release occurs within 15 min of time interval indicating better drug release compared with all other batches and it continue up to 120 min showing maximum drug release. The comparison of Drug release pattern of selected Formulation batch F1 with pure drugs and marketed tablets inferred better % cumulative drug release from F1 batch. Liquisolid technique used to enhanced drug release characteristics and consequently improved oral bioavailability.
Conclusion
So, the tablets prepared by this method can be considered as an alternative for improving dissolution of water-insoluble drugs owing to its higher wetting properties and there by greater drug availability for dissolution.
Aim/Background
To examine the impact of navel moxibustion, a form of herb-partitioned moxibustion applied at the belly button, on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), Tyrosine Kinase receptor B (TrkB) and 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels in rats with PCPA-induced insomnia. Additionally, to investigate the mechanism by which navel moxibustion improves insomnia.
Materials and Methods
27 Specific Pathogen Free (SPF)-grade male three-month- old SD rats were randomly divided by weight into the normal group, model group and navel moxibustion group. Except for the normal group, the latter two groups were administered Para-Chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) via gastric intubation to establish the insomnia rat model. After successful modeling, the navel moxibustion group received treatment, while the normal and model groups received a sham treatment consisting of binding with non-woven fabric at the Shenque (CV 8) point, with treatments administered once every three days for a total of five treatments. After the completion of the treatment, the animals were humanely euthanized in order to obtain hippocampal tissue. The collected samples were then subjected to HE staining, real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot analysis for a comparative assessment of hypothalamic BDNF, TrkB and 5-HT gene and protein expression levels before and after the application of isolated moxibustion therapy.
Results
HE staining revealed significant pathological symptoms in the hypothalamic tissue of the model group, while the navel moxibustion group showed darker nuclear staining, increased density and more orderly arrangement, resembling the normal group. Compared to the normal group, the model group exhibited reduced gene expression of BDNF, TrkB and 5-HT in the hypothalamic tissue (p<0.05), with lower protein levels of BDNF (p<0.05), TrkB (p<0.05) and 5-HT. After navel moxibustion treatment, the levels of BDNF, TrkB and 5-HT genes were significantly elevated compared to the model group (p <0.05), as were the protein expression levels of BDNF (p <0.05), TrkB and 5-HT.
Conclusion
The navel moxibustion method can improve cellular damage in the hypothalamic tissue of PCPA-induced insomnia rats, elevating the gene and protein levels of BDNF, TrkB and 5-HT, thereby confirming the role of navel moxibustion in neurotransmission and effectively alleviating insomnia.
Aim/Background
This study aimed to explore the impact of lidocaine on rats subjected to MIR injury and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms involved in this process. The objective was to examine how lidocaine affects the physiological and biochemical responses in these rats, providing insights into its potential therapeutic benefits and the specific pathways through which it exerts its effects.
Materials and Methods
30 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: a sham group (n=10), a reperfusion group (n=10), and a lidocaine group (n=10). The MIR model was established in both the reperfusion and lidocaine groups. Following reperfusion, various cardiac function indexes were measured. Additionally, serum levels of LDH and CK were determined, and the infarct size was assessed using chemical colorimetry. To evaluate the expressions of JNK and NF-κB, WB and RT-PCR were performed. Changes in myocardial cell morphology, cardiac mesenchyme, and myofilaments were observed via HE staining.
Results
Compared with reperfusion group, lidocaine group exhibited increased LVSP, FS and EF, decreased LVEDP, raised serum LDH and CK levels and reduced myocardial infarct size. According to the WB results, the expression of p-JNK protein declined, while that of NF-κB rose in lidocaine group in comparison with those in reperfusion group (p <0.05).
Conclusion
Lidocaine can regulate the JNK signaling pathway to alleviate the MIR injury in rats.
Background
Propolis is widely used in the pharmaceutical field for its biological properties such as antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antibacterial effects. The flavonoids contained in propolis can reduce virus replication and have anti-COVID-19 potential. This study aimed to explore the active compounds of propolis through network pharmacology and molecular docking and to reveal its mechanism of action against SARS-CoV-2.
Materials and Methods
Prediction of target genes of Chinese Propolis Ethanolic Extracts (PEE) for COVID-19 treatment using the BATMAN database and the GeneCards database. Using Cytoscape to construct herbal-component-target networks. The hub targets of PEE were analyzed using Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). The main active compounds of PEE were docked to SARS-CoV-2 3C-Like (3CL) protease hydrolase (SARS-CoV-2 3CL) and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme II (ACE2).
Results
The hub targets of PEE for COVID-19 treatment were AKT1, IL6, TNF, IL1B, CNR1 and PPARA. There were 166 GO items (p <0.01) in the GO enrichment analysis and 95 pathways (p <0.01) in the KEGG enrichment analysis and the key signaling pathways included: MAPK signaling pathway, FoxO signaling pathway, NF-κB signaling pathway and PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. Molecular docking results showed that both trans-isoferulic acid and apigenin had strong affinity for SARS-CoV-2 3CL and ACE2.
Conclusion
The trans-isoferulic acid and apigenin in PEE may play a therapeutic role in COVID-19 by regulating AKT1 and MAPK signaling pathways.
Aim
This paper explores applying and evaluating the hybrid teaching model based on an online course platform in biochemical experiment teaching at Jiaxing University.
Materials and Methods
Students in grade 2019 majoring in Pharmacy at Jiaxing University were treated as the control group and the grade 2020 as an experimental group. The hybrid teaching model was used in the experimental group of grade 2020, whereas the traditional teaching model was used in the control group of grade 2019. At each end of the experimental course, class quizzes were administered to evaluate the learning performance of the two student groups.
Results
A monthly exam of the theoretical course was conducted every four weeks and academic performances were assessed in two groups at the end of the semester. The two groups carried out the Self-Directed Learning (SDL) ability assessment at the beginning and end of the semester. The class quizzes of the laboratory course in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group (p<0.05). Furthermore, the results of the last three month-quiz and final academic performance of students in the experimental group were higher than that of the control group (p<0.05) and the SDL ability assessment showed that four self-directed learning factors of the experimental group were significantly improved compared with those of control group.
Conclusion
The performance of the biochemical experiment and theoretical course and the SDL activity of the students were enhanced based on a hybrid teaching model and using an online course platform.